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牛津实用英语语法-第40部分

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说话人这样说时可以表示命令、劝告、催促或请求:
‘Let there be no reprisals,’said the widow of the murdered man.
害者的遗孀说:“千万不要搞复仇。”相当于:
The widow urged/begged that there should be no reprisals.
遗孀敦促/祈求不要去搞复仇。
D let也是一个普通动词,意为allow/permit(允许):
‘Let him e with us,mother;I’ll take care of him,’I said.
我说:“妈妈,让他跟我们一起去吧,我会照顾他的。”相当于:
I asked my mother to let him e with us and promised to take care of him.
我请求妈妈让他和我们一起去,并保证我会照顾他的。

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323惊叹句及yes和no变为间接引语
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A 惊叹句在间接引语中通常变为陈述句,这时应取消惊叹号。
1 由What(a)…或 How…开头的惊叹句,通常由
(a)exclaim/say that来转述:
He said,‘What a dreadful idea!’/‘How dreadful!’
他说:“多可怕的想法!”/“多可怕!”相当于:
He exclaimed that it was a dreadful idea/was dreadful.
他大声说/惊叫道这想法太可怕了。
(b)用 give an exclamation of delight/disgust/horror/relief/sur- prise(欢悦/厌恶/恐惧/宽慰/惊讶地呼喊了一声)等词语转述。
另外,如在惊叹语句后面跟一个动作,可用
(c)with an exclamation of delight/disgust等+he/she等+ 动词结构。
2 其他类型的惊叹语,如:Good!(好的!)Marvellous!(太棒了!)Splendid!(好极了!)Heavens!(天哪!)Oh!(哦!)Ugh!(啊!呸!)等,可用上面(b)或(c)来转述:
‘Good!’ he exclaimed.
他大声叫道:“太好了!”相当于:
He gave an exclamation of pleasure/satisfaction.
他愉快/满意地叫了一声。
‘Ugh!’she exclaimed,and turned the programme off.
她叫道:“呸!”然后把电视机关了。相当于:
With an exclamation of disgust she turned the programme off.
她厌恶地啐了一声,并把电视机关了。
3注意下面的用法:
He said,‘Thank you!’
他说:“感谢您!”相当于:
He thanked me.
他向我表示感谢。
He said,‘Curse this fog!’
他说:“这该死的雾!”相当于:
He cursed the fog. 
他咒骂那该死的雾。
He said,‘ Good luck!’
他说:“祝你好运!”相当于:
He wished me luck.
他祝我运气好。
He said,‘Happy Christmas!’
他说:“圣诞快乐!”相当于:
He wished me a happy Christmas.
他祝我圣诞快乐。
He said,‘Congratulations!’
他说:“祝贺你!”相当于:
He congratulated me.
他向我表示祝贺。
He said,‘ Liar!’
他说:“你撒谎!”相当于:
He called me a liar. 
他骂我撒谎。
He said,‘Damn!’
他说:“该死!”相当于:
He swore.他骂了声该死。
The notice said:WELE TO WALES!
标语上写着:欢迎到威尔士来!相当于:
The notice weled visitors to Wales.
标语说欢迎游客到威尔士来。
B yes和no在间接引语中用主语+适当的助动词结构来表示:
He said,‘Can you swim?’and I said‘No.’
他说:“你会游泳吗?”我说:“不会。”相当于:
He asked(me)if I could swim and I said I couldn’t.
他问(我)是否会游泳,我说不会。
He said,‘Will you have time to do it?’and I said,‘Yes.’
他说:“你有时间做这事吗?”我说:“有。”相当于:
He asked if I would have time to do it and I said that I would.
他问我是否有时间做这事,我说有时间。

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324 混合类句式的间接引语形式
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有些直接引语可由陈述句+问句、问句+命令句、命令句+陈述句这三种结构组成,或兼有三种句式。
A 通常每一部分都要求有各自的引导动词:
‘I don’t know the way.Do you?’he asked.
他问:“我不知道路。你知道吗?”相当于:
He said he didn’t know the way and asked her if she did/if she knew it.
他说他不知道路并问她是否知道。
‘Someone’s ing,’be said.‘Get behind the screen.’
“有人来了。”他说,“躲到屏风后面去!”相当于:
He said that someone was ing and told me to get behind the screen.
他说有人来了,让我躲到屏风后面去。
I’m going shopping.Can I get you anything?’she said.
她说:“我去买东西。给你捎点什么吗?”相当于:
She said she was going shopping and asked if she could get me anything.
她说她去买东西,并问是否要为我捎点什么。
‘I can hardly hear the radio,’he said.‘Could you turn it up?’
“我几乎听不见广播。”他说,“你能开大点儿声吗?”相当于:
He said he could hardly hear the radio and asked her to turn it up.
他说他几乎听不见广播,还让她开大点儿声。
B有时,后一个从句的内容有助于说明第一句。这里可以用as代替第二个引导动词:
‘You’d better wear a coat.It’ s very cold out,’ he said.
他说:“你最好穿件外衣。外面很冷。”相当于:
He advised me to wear a coat as it was very cold out.
他劝我穿件外衣,因为外面很冷。
‘You’d better not walk across the park alone.People have been mugged there,’ he said.
他说:“你最好不要单独一人从公园里穿行,已有人在那里被抢劫了。”相当于:
He warnd her not to walk across the park alone as people had been muggd there.
他告诫她不要单独一人从公园里穿行。因为已经有人在那里被抢劫了。
C有时第二个引导动词可以是分词:
‘Please,please,don’t drink too much!Remember that you’ll have to drive home,’she said.
她说:“求你了,别喝太多了!别忘了你还得开车回家呢。”相当于:
She begged him not to drink too much,reminding him that he’d have to drive home.
她恳求他别喝太多了,并提醒他还得开车回家。
‘Let’s shop on Friday.The supermarket will be very crowded on Satur- day,’she said.
她说:“星期五去采购吧,星期六超级市场人太多了。”相当于:
She suggested shopping on Friday,pointing out that the supermarket would be very crowded on Saturday.
她建议星期五去采购,还指出星期六超级市场人太多。
(as在以上两上例句中都可以使用。)

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325 must和needn’t
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A must用于表示推论、永久命令或禁令及意向时,在间接引语中保持不变。(关于must表示劝告,参见第287节A。)
1 表示推论:
She said,‘I’m always running into him;he must live near here!’
她说:“我常遇见他,他一定就住在这附近!”相当于:
She said that…he must live in the area.
她说……他一定就住在这附近。
2 表示永久命令:
He said,‘This door must be kept locked.’
他说:“这门一定要经常锁好。”相当于:
He said that the door must be kept locked.
他说那门一定要经常锁好。
3 must在随便的话语中可表示意向,在间接引语中也保持不变:
He said,‘We must have a party to celebrate this.’
他说:“我们得开个联欢会来庆贺这事。”相当于:
He said that they must have a party to celebrate it.
他说他们得开个联欢会庆贺那事。
B must用于表示责任时,在间接引语中可保持不变,但也可用would have to或 had to来转述。
1 I/we must可用would have to来转述would have to用于表示该责任取决于将来某事时或某事的完成看来很遥远或不能肯定。也就是说,在这种情况下must显然可用 will have to替代:
‘If the floods get worse we must(will have to)leave the house.’he said.
他说:“如果洪水涨得更高,我们只好离开这所房子。”相当于:
He said that if the floods got worse they would have to leave the house.
他说如果洪水涨得更高,他们就得离开那所房子。
‘When it stops snowing we must start digging ourselves out,’I sald.
我说:“等雪一停,我们就得挖一条路出去。”相当于:
I said that when it stoppd snowing we would have to start digging our- selves out.
我说等雪一停我们就得挖一条路出去。
‘We must mend the roof properly next year,’he said.
他说:“明年我们得把屋顶好好修理修理。”相当于:
He said that they would have to mend the roof properly the following year.
他说下一年他们得把屋顶好好修理修理。
‘I have just received a letter,’he said.‘I must go home.’
“我刚刚收到一封信,”他说,“我必须回家去。”相当于:
He said that he had just received a letter and would have to go home.
他说他刚刚收到一封信,他得回家去。(如果他说话后立即回家了,则更常用had to,因为 had to的含义是他马上动身了。)
2 I/we must可用 had to转述
如已决定需要在某一时间完成某一动作,或已订好某一计划,或所承担的某种义务可以较快地履行完毕,或至少在转述为间接引语时已经完成了,则常用 had to表示某一必需去做的事:
He said,‘I must wash my hands.’
他说:“我得洗洗手。”(他很可能后来马上去洗手了。)相当于:
He said that he had to wash his hands.
他说他得去洗洗手。
Tom said,‘I must be there by nine tomorrow.’
汤姆说:“我明天9点以前必须在那里。”相当于:
Tom said that he had to be there by nine the next day.
汤姆说第二天9点以前他必须在那里。
在这里也可以用would have to,但这样就暗示必须做的事是
自己要求自己做的,而不牵涉任何外在的权威。而 had to既可以表示一种外在的权威(即有人叫他到那儿去),也可以表示自己要求自己做的一种事。
当然,如果 must保持不变,则一切有关用 had to或would have to的困难都可以避免。在上面两个例子中都可以用must代替 had to或 would have to。
3 含有 you/he/they must的句子,也用同样方法转述:
He said,‘You must start at once.’
他说:“你必须马上出发。”相当于:
He said that she must/had to/would have to start at once.
他说她必须马上出发。
注意:间接引语中用 would have to时,不表示说话人的权威,而只表示客观的必要。
Tom said,‘If you want to stay on here you must work harder.’
汤姆说:“你如果想继续留在这儿,就必须更努力地工作。”相当于:
Tom said that if she wanted to stay on she must/would have to work harder.
汤姆说她如果想继续留在那儿,就必须更努力地工作。
must意味着汤姆本人坚持要她更努力地工作,而 would have to仅仅意味这么做是必要的。
4 含有must I/you/he?的问句也可进行同样的变化,但因为在疑问句中must常常表示目前或不久将来发生的事、所以常变为 had to:
‘Must you go so soon?’ I said.
我说:“你必须走得这么急吗?”相当于:
I asked him if he had to go so soon.
我问他是否必须走得那么急。
5 must not
I must not常常保持不变。 you/he must not或保持不变,或用否定意义的命令句表示(参见第320与第321节):
He said,‘You mustn’t tell anyone.’
他说:“你绝对不能告诉任何人。”相当于:
He said that she mustn’t tell/wasn’t to tell anyone.
他说她绝对不能告诉任何人。
He told her not to tell anyone.
他告诉她不要告诉任何人。
C needn’t
needn’t可以保持不变,在一般情况下都是这样做的。另外一个办法是将它改变为 didn’t have to/wouldn’t have to,正如将must改变为had to/would have to一样:
He said,‘You needn’t wait.’
他说:“你没必要等了。”相当于:
He said that I needn’t wait.
他说我没必要等了。
I said,‘If you can lend me the money I needn’t go to the bank.’
我说:“如果你能借给我钱,我就不必去银行了。”相当于:
I said that if he could lend me the money I needn’t/wouldn’t have to go to the bank.
我说如果他能借给我钱我就不必去银行了。
He said,‘I needn’t be in the office till ten tomorrow morning.’
他说:“我明天上午不必在10点之前就到办公室。”相当于:
He said that he needn’ t/didn’ t have to be in the office till ten the next morning.
他说他第二天上午不必在10点之前到办公室。
need I/you/he?的用法与must I/you/he?完全相同。即它常常变为 had to:
‘Need I finish my pudding?’asked the small boy.
小男孩问道:“我一定得把布丁吃完吗?”相当于:
The small boy asked if he had to finish his pudding.
小男孩问他是否一定得把布丁吃完。

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第三十二章
连词?

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326 并列连词
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and,but,both。。。and,or,either。。。or,neither。。。nor,not only…but also
这些连词把一对对的名词/形容词/副词/动词/短语/从句连在一起:
He plays squash and rugby.
他玩壁球和英式橄榄球。
I make the payments and keep the accounts.
我管付款和记账。
He works quickly and/but accurately.
他做事快而准确无误。
He is small but strong.
他虽矮小,但很结实。
She is intelligent but lazy.
她人聪明,但懒惰。
We came in first but(we)didn’t win the race.
我们是头一个到终点的,但是没有赢得这次比赛。
Both men and women were drafted into the army.
男女都被征去当兵。
Ring Tom or Bill.
给汤姆或比尔打电话。
She doesn’t smoke or drink.
她不抽烟也不喝酒。
He can’t(either)read or write.
他既不认得字也不会写字。
You can(either) walk up or take the cable car. 
你走上去或乘缆车上去都可以。
He can neither read nor write.
他既不认得字也不会写字。
Not only men but also women were chosen.
不仅仅是男的,女的也有被选中的。

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327 besides,however,nevertheless,
otherwise,so,therefore, still,yet,though
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这些副词/连词可以连接两个从句或两个句子。此时它们被认为是“准连词”。除了nevertheless和therefore二者为连词外,它们也可有其他用法,有时用做其他词类。它们在句中的位置取决于它们的用法。
A besides(介词)意为“除……外又……”。它位于名词/代词/动名词之前:
Besides doing the cooking I look after the garden.
除了做饭之外我还得管园子。
besides(副词)意为“又,另外”,通常位于它引导的从句之前,有时也可位于其后:
I can’t go now;I’m too busy.Besides,my passport is out of date.
我现在不能走,我太忙了。何况我的护照过期了。
在较正式的英语中,可以用moreover代替besides。
在较非正式的英语中,也可用anyway或 in any case代替这样使用的 besides:
Anyway,my passport’s out of date.
反正,我的护照过期了。
B however(程度副词,参见第41节)可位于形容词/副词之前:
You couldn’t earn much,however hard you worked
无论你干得多卖力,你都挣不了多少钱。
however(连词)通常意为“但是”,可位于它所引导的从句之前或之后,或位于第一个词或短语之后:
I’ll offer it to Tom.However,he may not want it./He may not want it however./Tom,however,may not want it./If,however,he doesn’t want it。。。
我将提出把这个给汤姆,然而他可能不要它。/而汤姆可能不要它。/然而,万一汤姆不要它的话……
但提到两句意义相反的话时, however意为“但是/仍然/同样”:
They hadn’t trained hard,but/however/nevertheless/all the same they won however/nevertheless/all the same.
他们并没有刻苦训练,但/无论如何/仍然/同样获胜了。
(另参见第329节。)
C otherwise(副词)常常位于动词之后:
It must be used in a well-ventilated room.Used otherwise it could be harmful.
必须在通风条件好的房间里使用。如不这样使用则可能是有害的。
otherwise(连词)意为“要是不/否则”:
We must be early;otherwise we won’t get a seat.
我们得早点去,否则我们就没有座位了。
在英语口语中,这里也可用or:
We must be early or(else)we won’t get a seat.
(译文同上。)
D so(程度副词)位于形容词/副词之前:
It was so hot that。。。
天气太热了,因而……
They ran so fast that。。。
他们骑得太快了,因而……
so(连词)位于它所引导的从句之前:
Our cases were heavy,so we took a taxi.
我们的箱子太重了,所以我们要了辆出租车。
E therefore(连词)在正式英语中可用来代替so。它可位于一个从句之前、该从句的第一个词或第一个短语之后、或该从句的主要动词之前:
There is fog at Heathrow;the plane,therefore,has been diverted/the plane has therefore been diverted/therefore the plane has been diverted.
希思罗机场有雾;因此飞机转飞别的机场了。
F still和yet可作时间副词(参见第37节):
The children are still up.They haven’t had supper yet.
孩子们还没上床睡觉/醒着。他们还没吃晚饭呢。
still和yet(连词)位于它们所引导的从句之前。
still(连词)意为“虽承认某事/尽管如此”。
yet(连词)意为“不管,不顾/同样/尽管如此”。
You aren’t rich;still you could do something to help him.
你虽然不富有,但你仍可以给予他帮助。
They are ugly and expensive;yet people buy them.
它们既难看又昂贵,但人们还是买。
G though/although通常引导让步从句(参见第340节):
Though/Although they’re expensive,people buy them.
尽管/虽然它们很昂贵,人们还是买。
though也可用于连接两个主句,但although不能这样用。
though这么用时意为“但”或“还”,有时位于句首,大多数情况下位于句末:
He says he’ll pay,though I don’t think he will./He says he’ll pay;I don’t think he will,though.
他说他要付钱,然而我认为他不会付的。

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328 从属连词
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if,that,though/although,unless,when等
引导从属从句或名词从句的从属连词在有关从句的各章中均有所描述。条件从句参见第二十一章;目的从句参见第三十三章;理由、结果、让步、比较从句和时间从句参见第三十四章;名词从句参见第三十五章。某些连词有多种意思,可引导不同类型的从句。
有些连词容易与另一个连词或与几个其他词类混淆。下面就谈一谈这些连词。

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329 though/although�
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