君主论-the prince(英文版)-第8部分

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adevoid　and　of　no　effect　through　the　faithlessness　of　princes；　and　he　whohas　known　best　how　to　employ　the　fox　has　succeeded　best。But　it　is　necessary　to　know　well　how　to　disguise　this　characteristic；and　to　be　a　great　pretender　and　dissembler；　and　men　are　so　simple；　andso　subject　to　present　necessities；　that　he　who　seeks　to　deceive　willalways　find　someone　who　will　allow　himself　to　be　deceived。　One　recentexample　I　cannot　pass　over　in　silence。　Alexander　VI　did　nothing　else　butdeceive　men；　nor　ever　thought　of　doing　otherwise；　and　he　always　foundvictims；　for　there　never　was　a　man　who　had　greater　power　in　asserting；or　who　with　greater　oaths　would　affirm　a　thing；　yet　would　observe　itless；　nevertheless　his　deceits　always　succeeded　according　to　his　wishes；because　he　well　understood　this　side　of　mankind。Therefore　it　is　unnecessary　for　a　prince　to　have　all　the　good　qualitiesI　have　enumerated；　but　it　is　very　necessary　to　appear　to　have　them。　AndI　shall　dare　to　say　this　also；　that　to　have　them　and　always　to　observethem　is　injurious；　and　that　to　appear　to　have　them　is　useful；　to　appearmerciful；　faithful；　humane；　religious；　upright；　and　to　be　so；　but　with　amind　so　framed　that　should　you　require　not　to　be　so；　you　may　be　able　andknow　how　to　change　to　the　opposite。And　you　have　to　understand　this；　that　a　prince；　especially　a　new　one；cannot　observe　all　those　things　for　which　men　are　esteemed；　being　oftenforced；　in　order　to　maintain　the　state；　to　act　contrary　to　faith；friendship；　humanity；　and　religion。　Therefore　it　is　necessary　for　him　tohave　a　mind　ready　to　turn　itself　accordingly　as　the　winds　and　variationsof　fortune　force　it；　yet；　as　I　have　said　above；　not　to　diverge　from　thegood　if　he　can　avoid　doing　so；　but；　if　pelled；　then　to　know　how　toset　about　it。For　this　reason　a　prince　ought　to　take　care　that　he　never　lets　anythingslip　from　his　lips　that　is　not　replete　with　the　above…named　fivequalities；　that　he　may　appear　to　him　who　sees　and　hears　him　altogethermerciful；　faithful；　humane；　upright；　and　religious。　There　is　nothingmore　necessary　to　appear　to　have　than　this　last　quality；　inasmuch　as　menjudge　generally　more　by　the　eye　than　by　the　hand；　because　it　belongs　toeverybody　to　see　you；　to　few　to　e　in　touch　with　you。　Every　one　seeswhat　you　appear　to　be；　few　really　know　what　you　are；　and　those　few　darenot　oppose　themselves　to　the　opinion　of　the　many；　who　have　the　majestyof　the　state　to　defend　them；　and　in　the　actions　of　all　men；　andespecially　of　princes；　which　it　is　not　prudent　to　challenge；　one　judgesby　the　result。For　that　reason；　let　a　prince　have　the　credit　of　conquering　and　holdinghis　state；　the　means　will　always　be　considered　honest；　and　he　will　bepraised　by　everybody　because　the　vulgar　are　always　taken　by　what　a　thingseems　to　be　and　by　what　es　of　it；　and　in　the　world　there　are　only　thevulgar；　for　the　few　find　a　place　there　only　when　the　many　have　no　groundto　rest　on。One　prince　＇1＇　of　the　present　time；　whom　it　is　not　well　to　name；　neverpreaches　anything　else　but　peace　and　good　faith；　and　to　both　he　is　mosthostile；　and　either；　if　he　had　kept　it；　would　have　deprived　him　ofreputation　and　kingdom　many　a　time。1。　Maximilian　I；　Holy　Roman　Emperor。CHAPTER　XIXTHAT　ONE　SHOULD　AVOID　BEING　DESPISED　AND　HATEDNow；　concerning　the　characteristics　of　which　mention　is　made　above；　Ihave　spoken　of　the　more　important　ones；　the　others　I　wish　to　discussbriefly　under　this　generality；　that　the　prince　must　consider；　as　hasbeen　in　part　said　before；　how　to　avoid　those　things　which　will　make　himhated　or　contemptible；　and　as　often　as　he　shall　have　succeeded　he　willhave　fulfilled　his　part；　and　he　need　not　fear　any　danger　in　otherreproaches。It　makes　him　hated　above　all　things；　as　I　have　said；　to　be　rapacious；and　to　be　a　violator　of　the　property　and　women　of　his　subjects；　fromboth　of　which　he　must　abstain。　And　when　neither　their　property　norhonour　is　touched；　the　majority　of　men　live　content；　and　he　has　only　tocontend　with　the　ambition　of　a　few；　whom　he　can　curb　with　ease　in　manyways。It　makes　him　contemptible　to　be　considered　fickle；　frivolous；effeminate；　mean…spirited；　irresolute；　from　all　of　which　a　prince　shouldguard　himself　as　from　a　rock；　and　he　should　endeavour　to　show　in　hisactions　greatness；　courage；　gravity；　and　fortitude；　and　in　his　privatedealings　with　his　subjects　let　him　show　that　his　judgments　areirrevocable；　and　maintain　himself　in　such　reputation　that　no　one　canhope　either　to　deceive　him　or　to　get　round　him。That　prince　is　highly　esteemed　who　conveys　this　impression　of　himself；and　he　who　is　highly　esteemed　is　not　easily　conspired　against；　for；provided　it　is　well　known　that　he　is　an　excellent　man　and　revered　by　hispeople；　he　can　only　be　attacked　with　difficulty。　For　this　reason　aprince　ought　to　have　two　fears；　one　from　within；　on　account　of　hissubjects；　the　other　from　without；　on　account　of　external　powers。　Fromthe　latter　he　is　defended　by　being　well　armed　and　having　good　allies；and　if　he　is　well　armed　he　will　have　good　friends；　and　affairs　willalways　remain　quiet　within　when　they　are　quiet　without；　unless　theyshould　have　been　already　disturbed　by　conspiracy；　and　even　shouldaffairs　outside　be　disturbed；　if　he　has　carried　out　his　preparations　andhas　lived　as　I　have　said；　as　long　as　he　does　not　despair；　he　will　resistevery　attack；　as　I　said　Nabis　the　Spartan　did。But　concerning　his　subjects；　when　affairs　outside　are　disturbed　he　hasonly　to　fear　that　they　will　conspire　secretly；　from　which　a　prince　caneasily　secure　himself　by　avoiding　being　hated　and　despised；　and　bykeeping　the　people　satisfied　with　him；　which　it　is　most　necessary　forhim　to　acplish；　as　I　said　above　at　length。　And　one　of　the　mostefficacious　remedies　that　a　prince　can　have　against　conspiracies　is　notto　be　hated　and　despised　by　the　people；　for　he　who　conspires　against　aprince　always　expects　to　please　them　by　his　removal；　but　when　theconspirator　can　only　look　forward　to　offending　them；　he　will　not　havethe　courage　to　take　such　a　course；　for　the　difficulties　that　confront　aconspirator　are　infinite。　And　as　experience　shows；　many　have　been　theconspiracies；　but　few　have　been　successful；　because　he　who　conspirescannot　act　alone；　nor　can　he　take　a　panion　except　from　those　whom　hebelieves　to　be　malcontents；　and　as　soon　as　you　have　opened　your　mind　toa　malcontent　you　have　given　him　the　material　with　which　to　contenthimself；　for　by　denouncing　you　he　can　look　for　every　advantage；　so　that；seeing　the　gain　from　this　course　to　be　assured；　and　seeing　the　other　tobe　doubtful　and　full　of　dangers；　he　must　be　a　very　rare　friend；　or　athoroughly　obstinate　enemy　of　the　prince；　to　keep　faith　with　you。And；　to　reduce　the　matter　into　a　small　pass；　I　say　that；　on　the　sideof　the　conspirator；　there　is　nothing　but　fear；　jealousy；　prospect　ofpunishment　to　terrify　him；　but　on　the　side　of　the　prince　there　is　themajesty　of　the　principality；　the　laws；　the　protection　of　friends　and　thestate　to　defend　him；　so　that；　adding　to　all　these　things　the　populargoodwill；　it　is　impossible　that　any　one　should　be　so　rash　as　toconspire。　For　whereas　in　general　the　conspirator　has　to　fear　before　theexecution　of　his　plot；　in　this　case　he　has　also　to　fear　the　sequel　tothe　crime；　because　on　account　of　it　he　has　the　people　for　an　enemy；　andthus　cannot　hope　for　any　escape。Endless　examples　could　be　given　on　this　subject；　but　I　will　be　contentwith　one；　brought　to　pass　within　the　memory　of　our　fathers。　MesserAnnibale　Bentivoglio；　who　was　prince　in　Bologna　（grandfather　of　thepresent　Annibale）；　having　been　murdered　by　the　Canneschi；　who　hadconspired　against　him；　not　one　of　his　family　survived　but　MesserGiovanni；　who　was　in　childhood：　immediately　after　his　assassination　thepeople　rose　and　murdered　all　the　Canneschi。　This　sprung　from　the　populargoodwill　which　the　house　of　Bentivoglio　enjoyed　in　those　days　inBologna；　which　was　so　great　that；　although　none　remained　there　after　thedeath　of　Annibale　who　were　able　to　rule　the　state；　the　Bolognese；　havinginformation　that　there　was　one　of　the　Bentivoglio　family　in　Florence；who　up　to　that　time　had　been　considered　the　son　of　a　blacksmith；　sent　toFlorence　for　him　and　gave　him　the　government　of　their　city；　and　it　wasruled　by　him　until　Messer　Giovanni　came　in　due　course　to　the　government。For　this　reason　I　consider　that　a　prince　ought　to　reckon　conspiracies　oflittle　account　when　his　people　hold　him　in　esteem；　but　when　it　ishostile　to　him；　and　bears　hatred　towards　him；　he　ought　to　feareverything　and　everybody。　And　well…ordered　states　and　wise　princes　havetaken　every　care　not　to　drive　the　nobles　to　desperation；　and　to　keep　thepeople　satisfied　and　contented；　for　this　is　one　of　the　most　importantobjects　a　prince　can　have。Among　the　best　ordered　and　governed　kingdoms　of　our　times　is　France；　andin　it　are　found　many　good　institutions　on　which　depend　the　liberty　andsecurity　of　the　king；　of　these　the　first　is　the　parliament　and　itsauthority；　because　he　who　founded　the　kingdom；　knowing　the　ambition　ofthe　nobility　and　their　boldness；　considered　that　a　bit　in　their　mouthswould　be　necessary　to　hold　them　in；　and；　on　the　other　side；　knowing　thehatred　of　the　people；　founded　in　fear；　against　the　nobles；　he　wished　toprotect　them；　yet　he　was　not　anxious　for　this　to　be　the　particular　careof　the　king；　therefore；　to　take　away　the　reproach　which　he　would　beliable　to　from　the　nobles　for　favouring　the　people；　and　from　the　peoplefor　favouring　the　nobles；　he　set　up　an　arbiter；　who　should　be　one　whocould　beat　down　the　great　and　favour　the　lesser　without　reproach　to　theking。　Neither　could　you　have　a　better　or　a　more　prudent　arrangement；　ora　greater　source　of　security　to　the　king　and　kingdom。　From　this　one　candraw　another　important　conclusion；　that　princes　ought　to　leave　affairsof　reproach　to　the　management　of　others；　and　keep　those　of　grace　intheir　own　hands。　And　further；　I　consider　that　a　prince　ought　to　cherishthe　nobles；　but　not　so　as　to　make　himself　hated　by　the　people。It　may　appear；　perhaps；　to　some　who　have　examined　the　lives　and　deathsof　the　Roman　emperors　that　many　of　them　would　be　an　example　contrary　tomy　opinion；　seeing　that　some　of　them　lived　nobly　and　showed　greatqualities　of　soul；　nevertheless　they　have　lost　their　empire　or　have　beenkilled　by　subjects　who　have　conspired　against　them。　Wishing；　therefore；to　answer　these　objections；　I　will　recall　the　characters　of　some　of　theemperors；　and　will　show　that　the　causes　of　their　ruin　were　not　differentto　those　alleged　by　me；　at　the　same　time　I　will　only　submit　forconsideration　those　things　that　are　noteworthy　to　him　who　studies　theaffairs　of　those　times。It　seems　to　me　sufficient　to　take　all　those　emperors　who　succeeded　tothe　empire　from　Marcus　the　philosopher　down　to　Maximinus；　they　wereMarcus　and　his　son　modus；　Pertinax；　Julian；　Severus　and　his　sonAntoninus　Caracalla；　Macrinus；　Heliogabalus；　Alexander；　and　Maximinus。There　is　first　to　note　that；　whereas　in　other　principalities　theambition　of　the　nobles　and　the　insolence　of　the　people　only　have　to　becontended　with；　the　Roman　emperors　had　a　third　difficulty　in　having　toput　up　with　the　cruelty　and　avarice　of　their　soldiers；　a　matter　so　besetwith　difficulties　that　it　was　the　ruin　of　many；　for　it　was　a　hard　thingto　give　satisfaction　both　to　soldiers　and　people；　because　the　peopleloved　peace；　and　for　this　reason　they　loved　the　unaspiring　prince；whilst　the　soldiers　loved　the　warlike　prince　who　was　bold；　cruel；　andrapacious；　which　qualities　they　were　quite　willing　he　should　exerciseupon　the　people；　so　that　they　could　get　double　pay　and　give　vent　totheir　greed　and　cruelty。　Hence　it　arose　that　those　emperors　were　alwaysoverthrown　who；　either　by　birth　or　training；　had　no　great　authority；　andmost　of　them；　especially　those　who　came　new　to　the　principality；recognizing　the　difficulty　of　these　two　opposing　humours；　were　inclinedto　give　satisfaction　to　the　soldiers；　caring　little　about　injuring　thepeople。　Which　course　was　necessary；　because；　as　princes　cannot　helpbeing　hated　by　someone；　they　ought；　in　the　first　place；　to　avoid　beinghated　by　every　one；　and　when　they　cannot　pass　this；　they　ought　toendeavour　with　the　utmost　diligence　to　avoid　the　hatred　of　the　mostpowerful。　Therefore；　those　emperors　who　through　inexperience　had　need　ofspecial　favour　adhered　more　readily　to　the　soldiers　than　to　the　people；a　course　which　turned　out　advantageous　to　them　or　not；　accordingly　asthe　prince　knew　how　to　maintain　authority　over　them。From　these　causes　it　arose　that　Marcus　＇Aurelius＇；　Pertinax；　andAlexander；　being　all　men　of　modest　life；　lovers　of　justice；　enemies　tocruelty；　humane；　and　benignant；　came　to　a　sad　end　except　Marcus；　healone　lived　and　died　honoured；　because　he　had　succeeded　to　the　throne　byhereditary　title；　and　owed　nothing　either　to　the　soldiers　or　the　people；and　afterwards；　being　possessed　of　many　virtues　which　made　himrespected；　he　always　kept　both　orders　in　their　places　whilst　he　lived；and　was　neither　hated　nor　despised。But　Pertinax　was　created　emperor　against　the　wishes　of　the　soldiers；who；　being　accustomed　to　live　licentiously　under　modus；　could　notendure　the　honest　life　to　which　Pertinax　wished　to　reduce　them；　thus；having　given　cause　for　hatred；　to　which　hatred　there　was　added　contemptfor　his　old　age；　he　was　overthrown　at　the　very　beginning　of　hisadministration。　And　here　it　should　be　noted　that　hatred　is　acquired　asmuch　by　good　works　as　by　bad　ones；　therefore；　as　I　said　before；　a　princewishing　to　keep　his　state　is　very　often　forced　to　do　evil；　for　when　thatbody　is　corrupt　whom　you　think　you　have　need　of　to　maintain　yourself　……it　may　be　either　the　people　or　the　soldiers　or　the　nobles　……　you　have　tosubmit　to　its　humours　and　to　gratify　them；　and　then　good　works　will　doyou　harm。But　let　us　e　to　Alexander；　who　was　a　man　of　such　great　goodness；　thatamong　the　other　praises　which　are　accorded　him　is　this；　that　in　thefourteen　years　he　held　the　empire　no　one　was　ever　put　to　death　by　himunjudged；　nevertheless；　being　considered　effeminate　and　a　man　whoallowed　himself　to　be　governed　by　his　mother；　he　became　despised；　thearmy　conspired　against　him；　and　murdered　him。Turning　now　to　the　opposite　characters　of　modus；　Severus；　AntoninusCaracalla；　and　Maximinus；　you　will　find　them　all　cruel　and　rapacious　……men　who；　to　satisfy　their　soldiers；　did　not　hesitate　to　mit　everykind　of　iniquity　against　the　people；　and　all；　except　Severus；　came　to　abad　end；　but　in　Severus　there　was　so　much　valour　that；　keeping　thesoldiers　friendly；　although　the　people　were　oppressed　by　him；　he　reignedsuccessfully；　for　his　valour　made　him　so　much　admired　in　the　sight　ofthe　soldiers　and　people　that　the　latter　were　kept　in　a　way　astonishedand　awed　and　the　former　respectful　and　satisfied。　And　because　theactions　of　this　man；　as　a　new　prince；　were　great；　I　wish　to　show　brieflythat　he　knew　well　how　to　counterfeit　the　fox　and　the　lion；　whichnatures；　as　I　said　above；　it　is　necessary　for　a　prince　to　imitate。Knowing　the　sloth　of　the　Emperor　Julian；　he　persuaded　the　army　inSclavonia；　of　which　he　was　captain；　that　it　would　be　right　to　go　to　Romeand　avenge　the　death　of　Pertinax；　who　had　been　killed　by　the　praetoriansoldiers；　and　under　this　pretext；　without　appearing　to　aspire　to　thethrone；　he　moved　the　army　on　Rome；　and　reached　Italy　before　it　was　knownthat　he　had　started。　On　his　arrival　at　Rome；　the　Senate；　through　fear；elected　him　emperor　and　killed　Julian。　After　this　there　remained　forSeverus；　who　wished　to　make　himself　master　of　the　whole　empire；　twodifficulti