嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
源平慎弌傍利 卦指云慕朕村 紗秘慕禰 厘議慕尺 厘議慕禰 TXT畠云和墮 〆辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂〇

VB2008貫秘壇欺娼宥(PDF鯉塀哂猟井)-及14何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��



by scrolling down the String class page and clicking the pareTo link���此�



      pares this instance with a specified Object。 



      This definition does not tell you much�察�so you will need to go back to the String page and  

click another method name。 Click the pare link�察�and then click the pare��String�察�String��  

link。 In the explanation of the pare�┌� method�察�you find the following text�此�



      The parison terminates when an inequality is discovered or both strings have been 

      pared。 However�察�if the two strings pare equal to the end of one string�察�and the 

      other  string  has  characters  remaining�察 �then  the  string  with  remaining  characters  is 

      considered greater。 The return value is the result of the last parison performed。 


´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´Page 82´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´

60         CH AP T E R   3   *    L E A R N IN G   AB OU T   ST R I N G   M A N I P U L AT IO N S   



           *Note  Looking up the meaning of a method is not a long process�察�even though it may seem like that from  

           the description in this section。 With experience�察�you don¨t even notice the extra clicks。  



                The pareTo�┌� method failed because of the character´by´character parison�察�which  

           is illustrated in Figure 3´7。 



           Figure 3´7。 How pareTo�┌� fails to pare strings that appear identical but have extra  

           characters 



                 Strings are stored in buffers�察�with one space in the buffer allocated to one character。 As you  

           can see from Figure 3´7�察�whitespace takes up one space in the buffer。 We can take advantage of  

           this sometimes�察�as you¨ll see in the next section。 

                 Now that you know what the problem is�察�the next step is to find a solution。 



           Solving the Extra Whitespace Problem 



           You can solve the whitespace problem in multiple ways。 Which way you use depends on your  

           needs。 Let¨s look at several solutions and see which works best for our translation program。 



           Trimming the Whitespace 



           The first solution we¨ll look at is to trim the whitespace using a method intended for that purpose。  

           The whitespace problem is not unique and is well known。 The String type has a method that  

           can be used to remove�察�or trim�察�the whitespace from a buffer。 You can remove whitespace at  

           the beginning�察�end�察�or both sides of the buffer。  


´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´Page 83´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´

                                              CH AP T E R   3   *    L E AR N IN G   AB O U T   ST R I N G   M A N I PU L A TI O N S  61 



     As tempting as it is to change the original implementation of  TranslateHello�┌��察�don¨t do  

that�察�because you might inadvertently break something that is working just fine。 When you  

develop code�察�you have multiple possible ways to solve a problem。 If you start messing around  

with the original source code�察�by the time you reach the third or fourth solution�察�the code might  

be a plete mess。 Your fixes might make things worse�察�and trying to backtrack in your source  

code bees very difficult。  



*Note  To manage your source code�察�you should use version control。 However�察�even with version control�察 �

when you delete past attempts�察�ideas get lost。 Thus�察�while your source code will be clean�察�you might forget  

something you did three or four hours ago。 Trust me�察�this happens�察�because developing source code is an  

intensive thought process。 



     The solution is to create a shim that calls the TranslateHello�┌� method。 The shim is used  

to fix the bug。 The following shim code is a temporary solution�此�



    Public Function TrimmingWhitespace��ByVal buffer As String�� As String 

        Return Translator。TranslateHello��buffer。Trim�┌��� 

    End Function 



      TrimmingWhitespace�┌� is a method that trims whitespace from the string to be translated。  

buffer。Trim is new functionality that preprocesses the buffer。 Finally�察�we call the original  

method�察�TranslateHello�┌��察�to perform the translation。 

      Of course�察�we need to test the new method to see if it trims the string to be translated。 The  

following is the corresponding test code。 



Dim verifyValue As String = TrimmingWhitespace�── �allo;�� 

If verifyValue。pareTo�─�hallo;��  0 Then 

    Console。WriteLine�─�Extra white spaces allo to hallo test failed;�� 

End If 



     The test calls the work´in´progress method�察�TrimmingWhitespace�┌��察�to see if everything  

works。 The verification code does not change。 

      So that you get predictable results�察�remember to call the shim and not the original method。  

If you run the test code�察�you¨ll see that the shim works�察�and thus we have a solution。 



Finding a Substring 



Another solution to the whitespace problem is to find a specific substring in a buffer。 Think of  

it as a search solution�察�where a method iterates over a string and attempts to match elements  

of a buffer to some text that is being searched。 The work´in´progress code is shown in Figure 3´8。  

     The test code is not shown here�察�because it is similar to that for the previous solution�察�with  

the difference being the method being tested。  


´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´Page 84´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´

62        CH AP T E R   3   *    L E A R N IN G   AB OU T   ST R I N G   M A N I P U L AT IO N S   



                                                               IndexOf�┌� attempts to match the 

                                                              text ^allo ̄ in the variable buffer。 

                         Work´in´progress 

                                                                 If the text is found�察�an offset 

                               method 

                                                                   that is not ´1 is returned。 



                    Public Function FindSubstring��ByVal buffer As String��_ 

                   As String 

                        If buffer。IndexOf�─�allo;��  ´1 Then 

                            Return Translator。TranslateHello�─�allo;�� 

                        End If 

                        Return ;; 

                    End Function                           IndexOf�┌� returns the index of the 

                                                         first matched character�察�which is 2。 

                                                              Visual Basic will always start 

                              a    l    l    o                 counting with the value 0。 



             Index 0      1   2    3    4     5 



           Figure 3´8。 Finding a substring to solve the whitespace problem 



          Which Is the Best Solution�拭�



          Take a moment to think about which is the best solution�此�trimming the whitespace or finding a  

           substring。 The answer is neither is perfect�察�each solution has its problems。 This is a very mon  

           occurrence when you are developing software。 You think you have all the corners covered�察�and  

           then another scenario causes your software to fail。 

                Again�察�I want to stress that you need to write more tests to figure out which scenarios might  

           cause your software to fail。 For the solution of trimming whitespace�察�writing another test causes  

           it to fail�察�as shown in the following code。 It cannot be tweaked to make the test succeed。 



           Dim verifyValue As String = TrimmingWhitespace�─�a  allo;�� 

           If verifyValue。pareTo�─�hallo;��  0 Then 

              Console。WriteLine�─�Test failed�此�cannot parse multiple words;�� 

           End If 



                In the test�察�the leading ^a ̄ is considered the first character and is not trimmed。 The verification  

          will fail because pareTo�┌� cannot verify the misaligned buffer caused by the leading ^a。 ̄ 

                If the new test were executed against the substring solution�察�it would succeed and find the  

          word ^allo。 ̄ Because the new test caused the first solution to fail�察�it would seem that solution is  

           a no´go。 Our confidence has been increased in the second solution because the old test and the  

           new test did not fail。 But don¨t be too hasty to consider that as the best path。 The substring  

           solution fails with the following test。 



           Dim verifyValue As String = FindSubstring�─�allodium;�� 

           If verifyValue。pareTo�─�hallo;��  0 Then 

              Console。WriteLine�─�allodium to hallo test failed;�� 

           End If 


´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´Page 85´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´

                                                 CH AP T E R   3   *    L E AR N IN G   AB O U T   ST R I N G   M A N I PU L A TI O N S  63 



      The word tested�察 �allodium�察院�contains the characters allo。 The verification will succeed�察 �

and this is an example of a false positive。 



*Note  It is important to have many tests that verify a multitude of different scenarios。 You should have tests  

that are supposed to succeed and those that are supposed to fail。 



      The conclusion is that neither of the solutions works properly。 With extended testing�察�each  

solution created new problems。 We need to find another solution。 



                                       DEVELOPMENT FRUSTRATIONS 



   It would seem that creating solutions and then creating tests that nullify the solution is a lesson in frustration。  

   You create code that does not solve the problems。 What you must realize and take to heart is that this is part  

   of the software development process。 Yes�察�some people write code and don¨t worry about the tests�察�but those  

   developers give software development a bad name。 

         You want to be a trustworthy developer who tests your code。 I have been�察�and my wife is�察�a software  

   development manager。 In her words�察 �I can deal with slow developers�察�but I cannot deal with developers who  

   I cannot trust to write stable and robust code。 The problem with untrustworthy developers is that I cannot let  

   them release code into production and always have to have somebody looking over their shoulders。 ̄ 



Writing the Tests Before Writing the Code 



The reason the previous solutions failed is because each solution was a knee´jerk reaction。  

Knee´jerk reactions are those where when you encounter a bug�察�you fix the bug!no more and  

no less。 Instead�察�you should figure out what the bug is trying to tell you。 The original bug with  

the leading whitespace was not a whitespace bug�察�but a bug that was saying�察 �Hey�察�what if my  

text is not aligned�察�or part of a sentence�察�and so on�拭院�

      To solve the bug�察�you don¨t write code�察�but you think of all of the tests that your code needs  

to pass。 You need to assign responsibility and define contexts that succeed and fail。 In the  

translation example�察�the appropriate implementation approach would be to write the tests  

before writing the code。 Table 3´1 shows the contexts that fail and succeed。 



Table 3´1。 Appropriate Tests for the Translation Program 



Test                             Verification Result 



allo                             Success 



; allo ;                         Success 



word allo                        Fail�此�you can¨t translate a single word without translating the other words 



word allo word                   Fail�此�same reason as with word allo 



prefixallo                       Fail�此�different word 


´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´Page 86´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´

64        CH AP T E R   3   *    L E A R N IN G   AB OU T   ST R I N G   M A N I P U L AT IO N S   



           Table 3´1。 Appropriate Tests for the Translation Program ��Continued�� 



           Test                          Verification Result 



           alloappend                    Fail�此�different word 



           prefixalloappend              Fail�此�different word 



                As you can see in the table�察�most test cases are failures because the translation ponent  

           is meant to translate single words only。 The test cases seem plete�察�but in fact�察�we are missing  

           one more set of cases�察�which are outlined in Table 3´2。 



           Table 3´2。  The Missing Test Cases for the Translation Program 



           Test                   Verification Result 



           Allo                   Success 



           ; allO ;               Success 



                Text can contain mixed cases�察�and from a human perspective�察�mixed case is still the same  

           word。 However�察�the puter considers mixed case as a pletely different buffer�察�and so we  

           must be able to cope with this situation。 

                Figure 3´9 shows the working solution。 



                                 Chaining ToLower�┌� and 

                               Trim�┌� together first obtains                 ToLower�┌� returns a 

                               the result of ToLower�┌� and                    lowercase copy of 

                                 then applies Trim�┌� to it                     the original string 



           Public Class Translator 

               Public Shared Function TranslateHello��ByVal input _ 

           As String�� As String 

                   Dim temp As String = input。ToLower�┌�。Trim�┌� 



                   If temp。pareTo�─�hello;�� = 0 Then 

                       Return ;hallo; 

                   ElseIf temp。pareTo�─�allo;�� = 0 Then 

                       Return ;hallo; 

                   End If                                            Trim�┌� removes whitespace 



                   Return ;; 

           End Function 

           End Class 



           Figure 3´9。  The final translation solution 


´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´Page 87´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´´

                                              CH AP T E R   3   *    L E AR N IN G   AB O U T   ST R I N G   M A N I PU L A TI O N S  65 



      Looking at the solution�察�you see that there are elements from the first solution�察�which was  

discounted because it did not work properly。 This is an example of how quickly solving a bug�察 �

seeing that code fail�察�and discounting the solution can be incorrect。 You need to think through  

why something fails�察�and not just fix the bug to get rid of it。 



*Note  All of the solutions involved use String type methods。 The  String type is very sophisticated and  

supports many operations that are monly performed on text。 



     At this point�察�we are finished with the translation of the greeting。 Next�察�I¨ll point out a couple of  

additional items that you need to keep in mind when dealing with strings。 



Quoting Strings 



Along with strings�察�Visual Basic has the Char type。 A Char can be described as a single letter of a  

sentence。 H
卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��16�� 家��13��
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
梁椣戻幣�� 梁心弌傍議揖扮窟燕得胎��傍竃徭失議心隈才凪万弌誌育断蛍�輌臆惨軼僑〃�燕慕得珊辛參資誼持蛍才将刮襲潜��範寔亟圻幹慕得 瓜寡追葎娼得辛參資誼寄楚署衛、持蛍才将刮襲潜填��