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When you use interfaces and types that implement interfaces�察�you are writing ponent
oriented software。 ponents and inheritance are two different object´oriented techniques。
You use inheritance to implement interfaces�察�but ponents serve the purpose of making
ideas happen。
Understanding How Inheritance and ponents Work
Inheritance is the act of defining base classes with functionality that may or may not be over
ridden or overloaded�察�as explained in the previous chapter。 ponents define subsystems
that are put together like pieces of a puzzle。 The idea behind ponents is to be able to asso
ciate two interface instances and make them work with each other without knowing what the
other does。
To get a feeling of the difference between inheritance using classes and ponents that
use interfaces and classes�察�we will look at a classic example of inheritance and how that example
translates to ponents。
Illustrating Inheritance Using a Shape�察�Rectangle�察�and Square
One of the most popular examples of using inheritance involves shapes and how to calculate
the area of a shape。 The starting point of this inheritance is a MustInherit base class that has a
single property and method to indicate a single dimension and its associated area。 For example�察 �
the following would be an appropriate base class definition。
MustInherit Class Shape
Public MustOverride Function CalculateArea�┌� As Double
End Class
The method CalculateArea�┌� is used to calculate the area of the shape。 It is declared as
MustOverride and must be implemented by a derived class。
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CH AP T E R 7 * L E AR N IN G AB O U T CO M P O N E N TS AN D C L AS S H I E R AR C HI E S 169
For starters�察�let¨s define Square�察�which represents the square shape。
Class Square
Inherits Shape
Private _width As Double
Public Property Width�┌� As Double
Get
Return _width
End Get
Set��ByVal value As Double��
_width = value
End Set
End Property
Public Overrides Function CalculateArea�┌� As Double
Return Width * Width
End Function
End Class
A square has only one dimension�察�Width�察�which represents the width of a particular shape。 In
the case of a square�察�width means one of the four sides。 We¨ve implemented the CalculateArea�┌�
method�察�which calculates the surface area of the square by multiplying the Width property
by itself。
A rectangle is a form of square�察�and therefore Rectangle derives from Square�此�
Class Rectangle
Inherits Square
Private _length As Double
Public Property Length�┌� As Double
Get
Return _length
End Get
Set��ByVal value As Double��
_length = value
End Set
End Property
Public Overloads Function CalculateArea�┌� As Double
Return Width * Length
End Function
End Class
Rectangle cannot be described using a single dimension�察�thus we need to add the property
Length。 In the implementation of the Rectangle。CalculateArea�┌� method to calculate the area�察 �
the length is multiplied by the width。
Take a good look at how CalculateArea�┌� is declared。 In the case of Rectangle。
CalculateArea�┌��察�the Overloads keyword is used�察�not Overrides。 This is because you want to
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170 CH AP T E R 7 * L E A R N IN G AB OU T CO M P O N E N TS AN D C L AS S H I E R AR C H IE S
enforce calculation consistency。 Calculation consistency is when you perform a specific calcula
tion on a type and get the answer expected of that type�察�and not some other type。
So�察�say you instantiate Rectangle�察�and then cast it to Square。 When you call CalculateArea�┌��察 �
you want it to calculate as if the rectangle were a square�察�not a rectangle。 Thus�察�by adding the
Overloads keyword in the Rectangle。CalculateArea�┌� method�察�a square is calculated as a
square�察�and a rectangle is calculated as a rectangle。
But there is a consequence。 Let¨s say Rectangle is cast to Shape。 As the inheritance is declared
when calling CalculateArea�┌��察�the area of a square is calculated�察�which is not correct。 Thus it
would seem that using New is incorrect�察�and Overrides should be used instead。 So using Overrides
solves the Shape。CalculateArea�┌� problem�察�but when a rectangle is converted into a square�察 �
the area represents a rectangle and not square。
To illustrate the differences�察�assuming the use of Overloads�察�look at the following source
code�察�which calculates the area of a Rectangle。
Dim cls As Rectangle = New Rectangle�┌�
cls。Width = 20
cls。Length = 30
Dim area As Double = cls。CalculateArea�┌�
In the example�察�Rectangle is instantiated�察�and the properties Width and Length are assigned
values of 20 and 30�察�respectively。 When the CalculateArea�┌� method is called�察�the found area is
assigned to the variable area。
The source code does what we expect。 It instantiates a rectangle�察�assigns the rectangle
dimensions�察�and calculates the area of the rectangle。 But a Rectangle object can also be assigned to
a square variable。 Consider the following modified source code�此�
Dim rectangle As Rectangle = New Rectangle�┌�
rectangle。Width = 20
rectangle。Length = 30
Dim square As Square = rectangle
Dim area As Double = square。CalculateArea�┌�
Console。WriteLine�─�Square Area is ; & square。CalculateArea�┌� & _
; Rectangle Area is ; & rectangle。CalculateArea�┌���
In the example�察�the variable rectangle is of type Rectangle。 The dimensions of the rectangle
are assigned�察�and then the rectangle is converted into a square and assigned to the variable square。
Using the keyword Overloads�察�the area is 400�察�which is correct because when we ask for the
dimensions of the square�察�we get a width of 20。
The various techniques used in this example are explained in the remainder of this chapter。
*Note The example illustrates that by using inheritance�察�you can cast a type and get the appropriate behavior。
But this works only if you design your inheritance hierarchy properly。 You need to understand that behavior
depends on the type that you have from the inheritance tree。 And if you are not careful�察�you can get some very
odd side effects。 Visual Basic allows you to explicitly define what each method does�察�and you should think
very hard about what each method should do。
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CH AP T E R 7 * L E AR N IN G AB O U T CO M P O N E N TS AN D C L AS S H I E R AR C HI E S 171
Illustrating ponents Using a Shape�察�Rectangle�察�and Square
Another way to implement a shape is to use ponents。 Using ponents means to define
an idea�察�and then define an implementation of the idea。 Designing and implementing po
nents is not similar to designing and implementing inheritance trees。 With inheritance�察�you
need to consider type casting�察�base class functionality�察�and how to override or overload methods or
properties。 �─�Type casting is when you cast to a specific type with or without an explicit cast
operator。�� With ponents�察�you need to think in terms of ideas and how they would be imple
mented as interfaces。
Having looked at the Shape�察�Rectangle�察�and Square implementation�察�you might define an
interface ��named IShape�� as follows�此�
Interface IShape
Function CalculateArea�┌� As Double
Property Width�┌� As Double
End Interface
For the IShape declaration�察�you might even add a Length property�察�but the overall idea of
the IShape interface is wrong。 When you think of a shape�察�do you think in terms of length and
width�拭�Probably not。 Rather�察�you think in terms of area�察�perimeter�察�and other features that are
mon to all shapes。 Length and width are not mon to all shapes。 A circle has a radius or
diameter�察�a triangle has base width�察�height�察�and triangle peak offset。 The point is that the idea
of a shape is not the idea of a rectangle or a square。
The correct way to define the ideas as interfaces would be as follows�此�
Interface IShape
Function CalculateArea�┌� As Double
End Interface
Interface ISquare
Inherits IShape
Property Width�┌� As Double
End Interface
Interface IRectangle
Inherits IShape
Property Width�┌� As Double
Property Length�┌� As Double
End Interface
This code contains three interfaces�此�IShape�察�which defines a shape�察�IRectangle�察�which
describes a rectangle�察�and ISquare�察�which describes a square。 The IRectangle and ISquare
interfaces subclass the IShape interface�察�indicating that an IRectangle is also an IShape。 The
ISquare interface is separate from the IRectangle interface�察�because the idea of a square ��four
equal sides�� is not the same as the idea of a rectangle ��only the parallel sides of the four sides
must be equal���察�even though the shapes might appear similar ��in real life�察�a square is a rectangle�察 �
but a rectangle is not necessarily a square��。
This separation of the square and rectangle interface illustrates that when designing inter
faces�察�you need to focus on the specific behavior of the interface。 You don¨t want to focus on
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172 CH AP T E R 7 * L E A R N IN G AB OU T CO M P O N E N TS AN D C L AS S H I E R AR C H IE S
the general behavior。 The general behavior is managed when you design the classes。 The modeling
of your real´life experiences is defined in the implementations�察�as illustrated by the following
example。
Class SquareImpl
Implements ISquare�察�IRectangle
End Class
Class RectangleImpl
Implements IRectangle
End Class
The SquareImpl class implements the behavior of ISquare and IRectangle�察�and models real life�察 �
where a square is also a rectangle。 And RectangleImpl implements only the behavior IRectangle�察 �
illustrating that a rectangle can only be a rectangle and not a square。 Now you cannot write
code where the implementation produces inconsistent results。
*Note When defining ideas�察�the resulting interfaces could be considered as behavior characteristics that
an implementation can have。 It is entirely possible for an implementation to have multiple behavior character
istics。 For example�察�this could mean that an implementation could be both a square and rectangle at the same
time。 In terms of the restaurant�察�waiters are humans with hobbies�察�feelings�察�and desires�察�although you don¨t
know these other aspects�察�as you see only the waiters。
An optimization could have been the following interface inheritance。
Interface ISquare
Inherits IShape
Property Width�┌� As Double
End Interface
Interface IRectangle
Inherits ISquare
Property Length�┌� As Double
End Interface
or
Interface ISquare
Inherits IRectangle
End Interface
Interface IRectangle
Inherits IShape
Property Width�┌� As Double
Property Length�┌� As Double
End Interface
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CH AP T E R 7 * L E AR N IN G AB O U T CO M P O N E N TS AN D C L AS S H I E R AR C HI E S 173
However�察�this isn¨t a good idea�察�because at the interface level�察�you are implying that a square
and rectangle are related。 They might be at the implementation level�察�but they also might not
be。 For example�察�imagine you are creating a super shape that has the characteristics of a rect
angle and a triangle。 When creating a relationship between interfaces�察�you are implying that
the super shape depending on the interface inheritance used must have the characteristics of
a square�察�even though it might not。 Thus�察�when using inheritance with interfaces�察�IShape as a
base interface of IRectangle and ISquare is acceptable�察�but a relation between IRectangle and
ISquare is not。
Now that you have an idea of the differences between inheritance and ponents�察�we
can get started with our tax application。 As we work through the example�察�you¨ll learn the
details of implementing interfaces。
Implementing a Tax Engine
So far�察�we¨ve discussed some basic tax concepts�察�the features of the tax application�察�and the
theory of inheritance�察�interfaces�察�and ponents。 We¨re ready to implement the tax engine。
The preferred approach is to design the core idea and then create the other pieces�察�or
dependencies。
Defining the Interfaces
Putting everything together and starting with the tax engine�察�we can create the following
interface structure。
Public Interface ITaxIne
ReadOnly Property RealAmount�┌� As Double
ReadOnly Property TaxableAmount�┌� As Double
End Interface
Public Interface ITaxDeduction
ReadOnly Property Amount�┌� As Double
End Interface
Public Interface ITaxAccount
Sub AddDeduction��ByVal deduction As ITaxDeduction��
Sub AddIne��ByVal ine As ITaxIne��
Function GetTaxRate��ByVal ine As Double�� As Double
ReadOnly Property Deductions�┌� As ITaxDeduction�┌�
ReadOnly Property Ine�┌� As ITaxIne�┌�
End Interface
Public Interface ITaxEngine
Function CalculateTaxToPay��ByVal account As ITaxAccount�� As Double
Function CreateDeduction��ByVal amount As Double�� As ITaxDeduction
Function CreateIne��ByVal amount As Double�� As ITaxIne
Function CreateTaxAccount�┌� As ITaxAccount
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