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           IProcessor is not usable for binary streams�察�so we need to implement a new interface and  

           architecture。 



           *Note  The examples that follow illustrate a very mon situation where an architecture worked and the  

           ideas of the architecture could be applied in the new context。 What does not work is the actual implementa

           tion of the original architecture。 You may be tempted to modify the working architecture so that it will work  

           with the new context。 As much as you would like to do that�察�don¨t。 Often�察�the abstractions you create will  

           plicate the architecture and make the resulting code more plex。 Your challenge is to know when to  

           generalize an architecture and when to keep the ideas of an architecture but create a new implementation�察 �

           and you¨ll learn this with experience。 



           Defining the Interfaces and Implementing the Shell 



           In �察�the data streams are split into two types of streams�此�binary and text。 The TextWriter  

           and TextReader types are used to read text´based data streams。 As was demonstrated with the  

           StringReader type�察�when dealing with text´based streams�察�certain assumptions can be made�察 �

           such as being able to find new lines in the stream。 With binary data streams�察�no such assump

           tions can be made。 Binary streams have their own format�察�which is known by only the program  

           doing the reading or writing。 

                The binary stream´based types can be used to process text data streams�察�but doing so would  

           require knowing the details of the data stream。 Remember that  gives you a text´handling  

           system that understands the different Unicode code pages。 A Unicode code page is a specific  

           translation map。 If you decide to manipulate the text streams using binary stream types�察�you  

           are telling  that you will manage the details of the Unicode code pages。 Of course�察�you  

           don¨t want to do that�察�and thus should never mix data streams。 So�察�for our sample application�察 �

           we need to design two different interfaces�此�one to stream from text to binary and one to stream  

           from binary to text。 



           *Note  For more information about Unicode and other text´related issues�察�see the MSDN ^International Text  

           Display ̄ section ��http��//msdn2。microsoft。/en´us/library/ms776131。aspx��。 



                The following is the binary´to´text data stream interface�察�Binary2Text。IBinary2TextProcessor。 



           Imports System。IO 



           Public Interface IBinary2TextProcessor 

               Sub Process��ByVal input As Stream�察�ByVal output As TextWriter�� 

           End Interface 


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     The IBinary2TextProcessor interface has a single method�察�Process�┌��察�which has two param

eters�此�the binary stream and the text stream。 The implementation of IBinary2TextProcessor  

would be responsible for reading the data from the binary stream and saving data to the  

text stream。 

     The text´to´binary interface�察�IText2BinaryProcessor�察�follows a similar interface design�察 �

except that the input and output stream types are reversed。  



Imports System。IO 



Public Interface IText2BinaryProcessor 

    Sub Process��ByVal input As TextReader�察�ByVal output As Stream�� 

End Interface 



     The idea of both interface declarations is to focus on transferring data from one stream  

to another。  

     The shell for both data stream interfaces is very similar to the shell of the text´processing  

stream�察�except that binary and text streams are involved。 The TextProcessor shell was respon

sible for knowing if the data stream was from the console or from a file。 When manipulating  

binary streams�察�the source still needs to be ascertained�察�but instead of creating text streams�察 �

binary streams are created。 If you understand the mechanics of using a text stream�察�you will  

understand the mechanics of using a binary stream。 

     The following is the plete implementation of the text´to´binary bootstrap class。 



Imports System。IO 



Public Module Text2BinaryBootstrap 

    Public Sub DisplayHelp�┌� 

        Console。WriteLine�─�You need help�拭�Right now�拭┌� 

    End Sub 



    Public Sub Start��ByVal args As String�┌��察�_ 

                       ByVal processor As IText2BinaryProcessor�� 

        #If DEBUG_OUTPUT Then 

            Console。WriteLine�─�Argument count�──�& args。Length & ;��;�� 

            For Each argument As String In args 

                Console。WriteLine�─�Argument �──�& argument & ;��;�� 

            Next 

        #End If 



        Dim reader As TextReader = Nothing 

        Dim writer As Stream = Nothing 

        If args。Length = 0 Then 

            reader = Console。In 

            writer = Console。OpenStandardOutput�┌� 

        ElseIf args。Length = 1 Then 

            If args��0�� = ;´help; Then 

                Text2BinaryBootstrap。DisplayHelp�┌� 

                Return 

            End If 


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                      reader = File。OpenText��args��0���� 

                      writer = Console。OpenStandardOutput�┌� 

                  ElseIf args。Length = 2 Then 

                      If args��0��  ;´out; Then 

                          Text2BinaryBootstrap。DisplayHelp�┌� 

                          Return 

                      End If 

                      reader = Console。In 

                      writer = File。Open��args��1���察�FileMode。Create�� 

                  ElseIf args。Length = 3 Then 

                      If args��0��  ;´out; Then 

                          Text2BinaryBootstrap。DisplayHelp�┌� 

                          Return 

                      End If 

                      reader = File。OpenText��args��2���� 

                      writer = File。Open��args��1���察�FileMode。Create�� 

                  Else 

                      Text2BinaryBootstrap。DisplayHelp�┌� 

                      Return 

                  End If 

                  processor。Process��reader�察�writer�� 

                  writer。Close�┌� 



              End Sub 

          End Module 



               The implementation is nearly identical to the Bootstrap class�察�the differences are bolded。  

          Notice that instead of using the predefined Console。Out data member�察�the OpenStandardOutput�┌�  

          method is called�察�and instead of  File。CreateText�┌��察�the File。Open�┌� method is called。 

               The implementation of the binary´to´text stream shell is nearly identical to the one for the  

          text´to´binary stream shell。 You can find it in this book¨s downloadable source code。 



          Defining the Type 



          The central piece when converting from a text stream to a binary stream or vice versa is the  

          definition of a type。 The type might be a class or a struct�察�and it is identified as being a type that  

          can be read and written。 Identifying a type to be read and written is necessary so that when  

           reads or writes the type�察�the underlying infrastructure knows what to do。 Remember that  

          a binary data stream is a data stream where only the program knows what it means。 To help  

           read and write those types�察�you add identifiers that tell  what to do。 Fortunately�察�you  

          don¨t need to know the inner details of binary serialization�察�but just give  an indication of  

          how to manage it。  

               For the lottery´prediction example�察�we will define a type that represents a lottery ticket。  

          The lottery ticket will contain the draw date�察�numbers�察�and bonus number。 Following is the  

          plete declaration ��in the  LottoLibrary project��。 


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 _ 

Public Class Ticket 



    Public Sub New�┌� 

    End Sub 



    Public Sub New��ByVal drawDate As DateTime�察�ByVal numbers As Integer�┌��察�_ 

                   ByVal bonus As Integer�� 

        _drawDate = drawDate 

        _numbers = numbers 

        _bonus = bonus 

    End Sub 



    Public Property Bonus�┌� As Integer 

        Get 

            Return _bonus 

        End Get 

        Set��ByVal value As Integer�� 

            _bonus = value 

        End Set 

    End Property 



    Public Property DrawDate�┌� As DateTime 

        Get 

            Return _drawDate 

        End Get 

        Set��ByVal value As DateTime�� 

            _drawDate = value 

        End Set 

    End Property 



    Public Property Numbers�┌� As Integer�┌� 

        Get 

            Return _numbers 

        End Get 

        Set��ByVal value As Integer�┌��� 

            _numbers = value 

        End Set 

    End Property 



    Private _bonus As Integer 

    Private _drawDate As DateTime 

    Private _numbers As Integer�┌� 

End Class 



     Ticket is plain´vanilla data class。 However�察�the bolded parts deserve an explanation。 The  

first bolded part is a set of angled brackets surrounding the identifier Serializable�察�which  

represents a  attribute。 In �察�you have the ability to describe types�察�methods�察�and so on。  


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          Attributes are descriptions that are used in a particular context。 As opposed to the identifiers  

           Public and MustInherit�察�which are descriptions that fundamentally describe how a type will  

          behave�察�the Serializable attribute describes the behavior of a type in a specific context!when  

          the object is to be converted from memory to a data stream and vice versa。 Fundamental descrip

          tions are important to the  runtime�察�whereas  attributes are generally not important  

          to the runtime�察�but important to libraries that the runtime will execute。 



          *Note  Serialization is the process of turning an object into a format that can be saved or sent over the  

          network。 Deserialization is the process of retrieving the serialized object。 



                The Serializable attribute describes the ability to serialize the type as it is declared。 When  

          Ticket is converted into a binary stream�察�the programmer does not need to do anything other  

          than pass an instance to the data stream。 The data stream libraries handle all of the other details。 

                In the declaration of Ticket�察�the parameterless constructor has been bolded to emphasize  

          that this type of constructor is necessary when converting a data stream into an object instance。  

          When binary streams restore types�察�they instantiate an empty object and then assign the data  

          members。 Thus�察�when an object is created�察�a parameterless constructor is needed。 



           Converting a Text Stream into a Binary Stream 



          To convert the stream from text to binary involves breaking apart the text stream�察�instantiating  

          a Ticket instance�察�assigning the data members�察�and saving the instance to the binary stream。  

          All of these steps are performed in the following source code ��you¨ll need a reference to  

           LottoLibrary in Text2Binary��。 



           Imports System。IO 

           Imports System。Runtime。Serialization。Formatters。Binary 

           Imports System。Text 



           Public Class LottoTicketProcessor �此�Implements IText2BinaryProcessor  



              Public Sub Process��ByVal reader As TextReader�察�ByVal writer As Stream�� _ 

                Implements IText2BinaryProcessor。Process 

                  Dim retval As StringBuilder = New StringBuilder�┌� 

                  Do While reader。Peek�┌�  ´1 

                      Dim lineOfText As String = reader。ReadLine�┌� 

                      Dim splitUpText As String�┌�= lineOfText。Split��New Char�┌� ��; ;c���� 

                      Dim dateSplit As String�┌� = splitUpText��0��。Split��New Char�┌� ��;。;c���� 



                      Dim ticket As LottoLibrary。Ticket = _ 

                          New LottoLibrary。Ticket�─�_ 

                              New DateTime�─�_ 

                                  Integer。Parse��dateSplit��0�����察�_ 

                                  Integer。Parse��dateSplit��1�����察�_ 

                                  Integer。Parse��dateSplit��2�������察�_ 


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                    New Integer�┌� �� _ 

                                Integer。Parse��splitUpText��1�����察�_ 

                                Integer。Parse��splitUpText��2�����察�_ 

                                Integer。Parse��splitUpText��3�����察�_ 

                                Integer。Parse��splitUpText��4�����察�_ 

                                Integer。Parse��splitUpText��5�����察�_ 

                                Integer。Parse��splitUpText��6���� ���察�_ 

                                Integer。Parse��splitUpText��7������ 



            Dim formatter As BinaryFormatter = New BinaryFormatter�┌� 



            formatter。Serialize��writer�察�ticket�� 

        Loop 

    End Sub 

End Class 



     The code splits the text stream by reading a line of text and then splitting apart the fields。  

The split´apart fields are then converted into numbers by using the  Integer。Parse�┌� method。  

This process of splitting and conversion is called marshaling data。 Marshaling is a technical  

term that means to convert a type from one medium to another。  

     We manage the text marshaling�察�but  manages the binary marshaling�察�which is still there  

behind the scenes。 The System。Runtime。Serialization。Formatters。Binary。BinaryFormatter type  

manages marshaling of the Ticket instance to the binary stream。 The  Serializable attribute  

is used by the BinaryFormatter as an indicator that the Ticket type is allowed to be serialized and  

deserialized。 In essence�察�converting from a text stream to a binary stream means to marshal a  

text´defined ticket into a ´defined ticket�察�and that is then marshaled into a binary´defined  

ticket。  



Converting a Binary Stream into a Text Stream 



Converting a binary stream into a text stream involves using the ´provided formatter to  

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