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on the Stack�察�the last one added to the Stack is the first one off the Stack。 Here is an example of
using a Stack�此�
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C HA P TE R 9 * L E AR N I N G A B O U T L I ST S�察 �DE L E G AT E S �察 �AN D L A M B D A E X PR E SSI O N S 247
Dim stack As Stack��Of String�� = New Stack��Of String���┌�
stack。Push�─�first;��
stack。Push�─�second;��
stack。Push�─�third;��
Dim popped As String = stack。Pop�┌�
If popped。pareTo�─�third;�� = 0 Then
' This is what we expect
End If
The code demonstrates using the Push�┌� method to push items on the stack and the Pop�┌�
method to remove items from the stack。 Remember that Push�┌� is an explicit addition�察�and
Pop�┌� an explicit removal ��though a call to Pop�┌� returns the object removed from the stack so
you can do something with it�察�as shown in the code��。
If you want to know what is on the top of the stack�察�use Peek�┌��察�which acts like Pop�┌��察�except
it does not remove the item from the list。
Using a Queue
A Queue is another special type of list that behaves like a queue that you would encounter at
ticket counter。 As people start queuing�察�the first person to be served is the one at the front of the
line。 Here is an example of using a Queue�此�
Dim queue As Queue��Of String�� = New Queue��Of String���┌�
queue。Enqueue�─�first;��
queue。Enqueue�─�second;��
queue。Enqueue�─�third;��
Dim dequeued As String = queue。Dequeue�┌�
If dequeued = ;first; Then
' This is what we expect
End If
The Important Stuff to Remember
In this chapter�察�you learned about using delegates�察�lambda expressions�察�extension methods�察 �
and lists。 The main items to remember are as follows�此�
o You are using Visual Basic 2008�察�and thus you should use the generics´based
collection classes。
o There are many different types of lists。 The main types are the simple object collection�察 �
key/value collection�察�stack�察�and queue。
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248 CH AP T E R 9 * L E A R N IN G AB OU T L I ST S�察 �D E L E G A T E S�察 �A N D L A M B DA E X P R E S SI ON S
o generics´based classes are type´safe and have better performance than old´style
collections。
o Delegates help you define a generic method´calling mechanism without needing to
implement an interface。
o Delegates can be shared methods�察�instance methods�察�or module methods。 The only
important aspect to the method is to make sure the method signature matches the
delegate declaration。
o Lambda expressions are a specialized form of delegate method that enable you to write
deferred execution code。 The advantage of deferred execution is that the code can contain
a state whenever it is executed。
Some Things for You to Do
The following are some things for you to do to start applying your budding knowledge of soft
ware engineering to improving the code base。
1。 Collection classes before Visual Basic 2005 allowed you to mix types。 With Visual Basic
2005 and later�察�the generics classes do not allow you to mix types。 Provide a
solution where you could mix types with Visual Basic 2005 and later collections。
2。 Create a list that contains the numbers 1 to 20。 Remove the numbers�察�15�察�10�察�and 3 to 7。
3。 Create a list with an object that is defined as follows�此�
Class MyType
Public Value as String
End Class
4。 Add ten elements to the list�察�and then sort the list alphabetically from A to Z。 Hint�此�look
at the method Sort�┌� and implement a custom Iparer��Of ��。 As part of this exercise�察 �
you need to investigate and figure out how to use Iparer��Of ��。 My suggestion is to
search the MSDN and Code Project web sites。
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C H A P T E R 1 0
* * *
Learning About Persistence
Your programs will probably need to read and/or write data to some type of storage device。
That storage device might be a hard disk�察�USB drive�察�or even the network。 The key concept is
that you are taking information from memory and transferring it to some other location。 Later�察 �
you will retrieve that information and use it to execute some task。
Taking data from memory and transferring it to another place is referred to as persistence。
Most examples of persistence involve creating an object�察�and then saving that object via a file
to the hard disk。 However�察�reading and writing an object is not just saving data to the hard disk�察 �
even though that is often the result。 Reading and writing data to the hard disk is about reading
and writing to data streams。 This chapter focuses on the process of reading and writing data
to streams。
This chapter¨s example is a set of applications for a lottery´prediction system。 You¨ll see
how streams are generic concepts that can apply to files�察�the console�察�or even the network。
Throughout this book�察�the examples use console applications to test some code�察�and this
chapter¨s example also includes console applications。 Although Visual Basic is typically used as
a GUI development tool�察�the point of using the console is to help you understand the Visual
Basic programming language。 One of the biggest criticisms of Visual Basic developers has been
that they can¨t develop like real developers。 This book is intended for real developers who happen
to use Visual Basic。
Organizing the Lottery´Prediction System
Let¨s say we want to predict the next set of lottery numbers。 We have a program that saves the
numbers drawn�察�and each week�察�we run a program that retrieves the drawn numbers and predicts
the next set of numbers。 Many will argue that lottery numbers are random and thus cannot be
predicted。 But that doesn¨t mean that we can¨t write a program to generate the probabilities�察 �
and that usually entails knowing which numbers have been drawn previously。
The lottery´prediction example involves three applications�此�TextProcessor�察�which is used
to read a messed´up lottery number file that will be cleaned up�察�Binary2Text�察�which converts a
binary stream into text�察�and Text2Binary�察�which converts a text stream into binary。 Five projects
are defined for these applications�此�
o Binary2Text�此�A console program that is used to convert a binary lottery ticket stream into
a text stream。
o LottoLibrary�此�A class library that contains the definition of the Ticket type that repre
sents a lottery ticket in memory。
249
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250 CH AP T E R 1 0 * L E A R N I N G A B OU T P E R S IS TE N CE
o ReaderWriter�此�A class library that contains the infrastructure code for processing streams
and mand´line arguments。
o Text2Binary�此�A console program that is used to convert a text lottery ticket stream into a
binary stream。
o TextProcessor�此�A console application that will read and write a text file。 This application
will bee a prototype example of how to write a console´based application。 It
contains a reference to the ReaderWriter class library。
Piping Data Using a Console
Console applications are not very interactive�察�for the most part�察�they are keyboard´based appli
cations。 The main advantage of console applications is their ability to dynamically string data
stream manipulations together�察�a process called piping。
For the lottery´prediction example�察�TextProcessor is a console application that will be fed
data by a pipe and generate data using a pipe�察�as illustrated Figure 10´1。 A file feeds a pipe�察�which
feeds the console application that manipulates the data�察�which then feeds an outgoing pipe
that could be used to feed another console application。
Figure 10´1。 Pipeline approach to processing
TextProcessor will read a file of lottery numbers�察�clean them up ��for example�察�by removing
empty lines of text���察�and remove any duplicates。 The console program will not worry about how
the data is used。 The main focus of TextProcessor is to read data�察�clean it up�察�and write out
semantically correct data。
Reading Data from the Console
Reading data from the console can happen in two ways�此�
o Supply the path of the file to be read to the application as a console argument。
o Pipe the data from another application to the console application。
Our example will be able to accept data streams in both ways。
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CH A PT E R 1 0 * L E A R N I N G A B O U T P E R S IS T E N CE 251
Reading from a File
Reading from a file is programmatically the simplest way of obtaining the data。 In our case�察 �
we¨ll use a mand´line argument to get the file¨s name。 For example�察�to simply load a file
named lotto。txt into the TextProcessor program�察�the mand line is as follows�此�
TextProcessor。exe lotto。txt
A single mand´line parameter�察 �lotto。txt�察�is passed as a string to TextProcessor。exe。
mand´line arguments are separated from each other using spaces。 In the context of Windows�察 �
this is a problem�察�because paths can contain spaces。 For example�察�the following mand line
would be passed as two mand´line arguments。
TextProcessor。exe c��My Documentsuserlotto。txt
The space between My and Documents tells the console that there are two arguments。 To fix
that problem�察�you need to enclose the path in quotation marks�此�
TextProcessor。exe ;c��My Documentsuserlotto。txt;
The mand line may also include additional parameters�察�as in this example�此�
TextProcessor。exe ´count 10 lotto。txt
The parameter ´count expects a value�察�which is 10 in this example。 Traditionally�察�options
are specified using key/value pairs�察�because console applications allow the options to be placed
in any order。 The exception is the last argument�察�which is usually the data on which to operate。
*Note For more information about the permutations and binations of mand lines�察�and what a
console can do�察�see http��//en。wikipedia。org/wiki/mand_line_interface。
Piping Data
Another solution is to use a mand that reads the file and pipes the contents of the file to
a stream。 The console application reads the stream and processes the data。 The following is
an example of a mand line that pipes data。 The pipe operation is indicated by the pipe
character �─。���。
type lotto。txt �� TextProcessor。exe
In the example�察�the mand type�察�which ordinarily reads a file and displays it on the
console�察�reads in the lotto。txt file and pipes it to the console。 Then TextProcessor。exe reads
from the console�察�processes the data�察�and pipes it back to the console。
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252 CH AP T E R 1 0 * L E A R N I N G A B OU T P E R S IS TE N CE
For the scope of the TextProcessor application�察�the mand lines listed in Table 10´1
are valid。
Table 10´1。 TextProcessor mand Lines
mand Description
TextProcessor。exe Without any arguments�察�the data will be read from the console
pipe and written back to the console pipe。
TextProcessor。exe ��filename�А �Using one argument�察�the data will be read from the specified
file and written to the console pipe。
TextProcessor。exe ´out Using the ´out parameter with two arguments�察�the first file
��filename�А。�filename�А �specified is where the data will be written�察�and the last file
specified is the file to read。
TextProcessor。exe ´out Using the ´out parameter with one argument�察�the data is read
��filename�А �from the console pipe and written to a file。 Notice that the
output file name is explicitly defined�察�otherwise�察�if a single
identifier is given�察�the console application would not know
whether you are reading or writing to a file。
TextProcessor。exe ´help Outputs to the console how to use TextProcessor。 The help is
also generated when the parameters are specified incorrectly。
Building a Shell
Implementing TextProcessor from an architectural perspective involves writing two pieces of
code�此�a module to read/write to a stream and a module to process the stream。 By separating the
two modules�察�the processor is not dependent on where the data originated。 This also allows the
developer to define an interface that is implemented to process the data。
Assembling the Pieces Using an Echo Program
The lottery´prediction program is a case where I know something about the topic�察�but not all
the details。 Developing code is a constant challenge of figuring out which APIs to use。 In this
type of situation�察�so that I don¨t get bogged down in API hunting�察�I first assemble all of the pieces
I need for the application。 I develop what I call an echo program。 An echo program has all of its
pieces in place�察�and when called will seem like it functions。 The echo part es in when the
end piece of functionality is called and it r
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