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          on the Stack�察�the last one added to the Stack is the first one off the Stack。 Here is an example of  

          using a Stack�此�


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                 C HA P TE R   9   *    L E AR N I N G   A B O U T  L I ST S�察  �DE L E G AT E S �察  �AN D  L A M B D A  E X PR E SSI O N S  247 



Dim stack As Stack��Of String�� = New Stack��Of String���┌� 



stack。Push�─�first;�� 

stack。Push�─�second;�� 

stack。Push�─�third;�� 



Dim popped As String = stack。Pop�┌� 



If popped。pareTo�─�third;�� = 0 Then 

   ' This is what we expect 

End If 



     The code demonstrates using the Push�┌� method to push items on the stack and the Pop�┌�  

method to remove items from the stack。 Remember that Push�┌� is an explicit addition�察�and  

Pop�┌� an explicit removal ��though a call to Pop�┌� returns the object removed from the stack so  

you can do something with it�察�as shown in the code��。  

     If you want to know what is on the top of the stack�察�use Peek�┌��察�which acts like Pop�┌��察�except  

it does not remove the item from the list。 



Using a Queue 



A Queue is another special type of list that behaves like a queue that you would encounter at  

ticket counter。 As people start queuing�察�the first person to be served is the one at the front of the  

line。 Here is an example of using a Queue�此�



Dim queue As Queue��Of String�� = New Queue��Of String���┌� 



queue。Enqueue�─�first;�� 

queue。Enqueue�─�second;�� 

queue。Enqueue�─�third;�� 



Dim dequeued As String = queue。Dequeue�┌� 



If dequeued = ;first; Then 

    ' This is what we expect 

End If 



The Important Stuff to Remember 



In this chapter�察�you learned about using delegates�察�lambda expressions�察�extension methods�察 �

and lists。 The main items to remember are as follows�此�



     o You are using Visual Basic 2008�察�and thus you should use the  generics´based  

       collection classes。 



     o There are many different types of lists。 The main types are the simple object collection�察 �

       key/value collection�察�stack�察�and queue。 


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248       CH AP T E R   9   *    L E A R N IN G   AB OU T   L I ST S�察  �D E L E G A T E S�察  �A N D   L A M B DA   E X P R E S SI ON S  



               o   generics´based classes are type´safe and have better performance than old´style  

                  collections。 



               o  Delegates help you define a generic method´calling mechanism without needing to  

                  implement an interface。 



               o  Delegates can be shared methods�察�instance methods�察�or module methods。 The only  

                  important aspect to the method is to make sure the method signature matches the  

                  delegate declaration。 



               o  Lambda expressions are a specialized form of delegate method that enable you to write  

                  deferred execution code。 The advantage of deferred execution is that the code can contain  

                  a state whenever it is executed。 



           Some Things for You to Do 



           The following are some things for you to do to start applying your budding knowledge of soft

          ware engineering to improving the code base。 



                1。 Collection classes before Visual Basic 2005 allowed you to mix types。 With Visual Basic  

                   2005 and later�察�the  generics classes do not allow you to mix types。 Provide a  

                   solution where you could mix types with Visual Basic 2005 and later collections。 



                2。 Create a list that contains the numbers 1 to 20。 Remove the numbers�察�15�察�10�察�and 3 to 7。 



                3。 Create a list with an object that is defined as follows�此�



                   Class MyType  

                       Public Value as String 

                    End Class 



                4。 Add ten elements to the list�察�and then sort the list alphabetically from A to Z。 Hint�此�look  

                   at the method Sort�┌� and implement a custom Iparer��Of ��。 As part of this exercise�察 �

                   you need to investigate and figure out how to use  Iparer��Of ��。 My suggestion is to  

                   search the MSDN and Code Project web sites。 


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C  H  A  P  T  E  R     1  0 



* * * 



Learning About Persistence 



Your programs will probably need to read and/or write data to some type of storage device。  

That storage device might be a hard disk�察�USB drive�察�or even the network。 The key concept is  

that you are taking information from memory and transferring it to some other location。 Later�察 �

you will retrieve that information and use it to execute some task。  

     Taking data from memory and transferring it to another place is referred to as persistence。  

Most examples of persistence involve creating an object�察�and then saving that object via a file  

to the hard disk。 However�察�reading and writing an object is not just saving data to the hard disk�察 �

even though that is often the result。 Reading and writing data to the hard disk is about reading  

and writing to data streams。 This chapter focuses on the process of reading and writing data  

to streams。 

     This chapter¨s example is a set of applications for a lottery´prediction system。 You¨ll see  

how streams are generic concepts that can apply to files�察�the console�察�or even the network。 

     Throughout this book�察�the examples use console applications to test some code�察�and this  

chapter¨s example also includes console applications。 Although Visual Basic is typically used as  

a GUI development tool�察�the point of using the console is to help you understand the Visual  

Basic programming language。 One of the biggest criticisms of Visual Basic developers has been  

that they can¨t develop like real developers。 This book is intended for real developers who happen  

to use Visual Basic。 



Organizing the Lottery´Prediction System 



Let¨s say we want to predict the next set of lottery numbers。 We have a program that saves the  

numbers drawn�察�and each week�察�we run a program that retrieves the drawn numbers and predicts  

the next set of numbers。 Many will argue that lottery numbers are random and thus cannot be  

predicted。 But that doesn¨t mean that we can¨t write a program to generate the probabilities�察 �

and that usually entails knowing which numbers have been drawn previously。 

     The lottery´prediction example involves three applications�此�TextProcessor�察�which is used  

to read a messed´up lottery number file that will be cleaned up�察�Binary2Text�察�which converts a  

binary stream into text�察�and Text2Binary�察�which converts a text stream into binary。 Five projects  

are defined for these applications�此�



    o  Binary2Text�此�A console program that is used to convert a binary lottery ticket stream into  

       a text stream。 



    o  LottoLibrary�此�A class library that contains the definition of the Ticket type that repre

       sents a lottery ticket in memory。 

                                                                                                         249 


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250       CH AP T E R   1 0   *    L E A R N I N G   A B OU T   P E R S IS TE N CE 



               o  ReaderWriter�此�A class library that contains the infrastructure code for processing streams  

                  and mand´line arguments。 



               o  Text2Binary�此�A console program that is used to convert a text lottery ticket stream into a  

                  binary stream。 



               o  TextProcessor�此�A console application that will read and write a text file。 This application  

                  will bee a prototype example of how to write a console´based application。 It  

                  contains a reference to the ReaderWriter class library。 



           Piping Data Using a Console 



           Console applications are not very interactive�察�for the most part�察�they are keyboard´based appli

           cations。 The main advantage of console applications is their ability to dynamically string data

           stream manipulations together�察�a process called piping。  

                For the lottery´prediction example�察�TextProcessor is a console application that will be fed  

           data by a pipe and generate data using a pipe�察�as illustrated Figure 10´1。 A file feeds a pipe�察�which  

           feeds the console application that manipulates the data�察�which then feeds an outgoing pipe  

           that could be used to feed another console application。 



           Figure 10´1。 Pipeline approach to processing 



                TextProcessor will read a file of lottery numbers�察�clean them up ��for example�察�by removing  

           empty lines of text���察�and remove any duplicates。 The console program will not worry about how  

           the data is used。 The main focus of TextProcessor is to read data�察�clean it up�察�and write out  

           semantically correct data。 



           Reading Data from the Console 



           Reading data from the console can happen in two ways�此�



               o  Supply the path of the file to be read to the application as a console argument。  



               o  Pipe the data from another application to the console application。  



                Our example will be able to accept data streams in both ways。 


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                                                         CH A PT E R   1 0   *    L E A R N I N G   A B O U T  P E R S IS T E N CE 251 



Reading from a File 



Reading from a file is programmatically the simplest way of obtaining the data。 In our case�察 �

we¨ll use a mand´line argument to get the file¨s name。 For example�察�to simply load a file  

named lotto。txt into the TextProcessor program�察�the mand line is as follows�此�



TextProcessor。exe lotto。txt 



     A single mand´line parameter�察 �lotto。txt�察�is passed as a string to TextProcessor。exe。  

mand´line arguments are separated from each other using spaces。 In the context of Windows�察 �

this is a problem�察�because paths can contain spaces。 For example�察�the following mand line  

would be passed as two mand´line arguments。 



TextProcessor。exe c��My Documentsuserlotto。txt 



     The space between My and Documents tells the console that there are two arguments。 To fix  

that problem�察�you need to enclose the path in quotation marks�此�



TextProcessor。exe ;c��My Documentsuserlotto。txt; 



     The mand line may also include additional parameters�察�as in this example�此�



TextProcessor。exe ´count 10 lotto。txt 



     The parameter  ´count expects a value�察�which is  10 in this example。 Traditionally�察�options  

are specified using key/value pairs�察�because console applications allow the options to be placed  

in any order。 The exception is the last argument�察�which is usually the data on which to operate。 



*Note  For more information about the permutations and binations of mand lines�察�and what a  

console can do�察�see http��//en。wikipedia。org/wiki/mand_line_interface。 



Piping Data 



Another solution is to use a mand that reads the file and pipes the contents of the file to  

a stream。 The console application reads the stream and processes the data。 The following is  

an example of a mand line that pipes data。 The pipe operation is indicated by the pipe  

character �─。���。 



type lotto。txt �� TextProcessor。exe 



     In the example�察�the mand type�察�which ordinarily reads a file and displays it on the  

console�察�reads in the lotto。txt file and pipes it to the console。 Then TextProcessor。exe reads  

from the console�察�processes the data�察�and pipes it back to the console。  


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252        CH AP T E R   1 0   *    L E A R N I N G   A B OU T   P E R S IS TE N CE 



                 For the scope of the TextProcessor application�察�the mand lines listed in Table 10´1  

           are valid。 



           Table 10´1。  TextProcessor mand Lines 



           mand                                     Description 



           TextProcessor。exe                          Without any arguments�察�the data will be read from the console  

                                                      pipe and written back to the console pipe。 



           TextProcessor。exe ��filename�А              �Using one argument�察�the data will be read from the specified  

                                                      file and written to the console pipe。 



           TextProcessor。exe ´out                     Using the  ´out parameter with two arguments�察�the first file  

           ��filename�А。�filename�А                     �specified is where the data will be written�察�and the last file  

                                                      specified is the file to read。 



           TextProcessor。exe ´out                     Using the  ´out parameter with one argument�察�the data is read  

           ��filename�А                                �from the console pipe and written to a file。 Notice that the  

                                                      output file name is explicitly defined�察�otherwise�察�if a single  

                                                      identifier is given�察�the console application would not know  

                                                      whether you are reading or writing to a file。 



           TextProcessor。exe ´help                    Outputs to the console how to use TextProcessor。 The help is  

                                                      also generated when the parameters are specified incorrectly。 



           Building a Shell 



           Implementing TextProcessor from an architectural perspective involves writing two pieces of  

           code�此�a module to read/write to a stream and a module to process the stream。 By separating the  

           two modules�察�the processor is not dependent on where the data originated。 This also allows the  

           developer to define an interface that is implemented to process the data。  



           Assembling the Pieces Using an Echo Program 



           The lottery´prediction program is a case where I know something about the topic�察�but not all  

           the details。 Developing code is a constant challenge of figuring out which APIs to use。 In this  

           type of situation�察�so that I don¨t get bogged down in API hunting�察�I first assemble all of the pieces  

           I need for the application。 I develop what I call an echo program。 An echo program has all of its  

           pieces in place�察�and when called will seem like it functions。 The echo part es in when the  

           end piece of functionality is called and it r
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