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           pieces in place�察�and when called will seem like it functions。 The echo part es in when the  

           end piece of functionality is called and it returns the data that was sent to it。 In essence�察�the end  

           piece is acting like an echo。 The cleverness behind the echo is that it requires no implementa

           tion�察�yet it demonstrates the plete flow of data and whether that data flow is workable。 

                The echo program is not a final program。 The echo program is a temporary solution for an  

           intermediate goal。 When building an application with intermediate goals�察�you are using an  

           iterative development technique。 The iterations are not visible to your other team members  

           and are pletely private。 However�察�the iterations will keep you focused on solving a problem�察 �

           rather than trying to implement a large piece of code that you will not be able to fully test for  

           a while。 

                Test´driven development�察�for the most part�察�is a bottom´up development approach。 You  

           develop a core piece of functionality�察�test it�察�and then write code that uses the tested piece of  


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functionality。 But sometimes you need to develop in a top´down fashion。 I typically develop  

code top´down when I am trying to nail down an overall architecture。 The problem with devel

oping top´down is that you don¨t yet have the bottom code。 In other words�察�you are writing  

code with no working code。 So that your code does have some meaning�察�you develop an echo。  

The echo solves the problem of working code and allows you to focus on getting the individual  

pieces to fit together。 Once the pieces are working�察�and the echo was successful�察�you can start  

filling in the implementations。 Some developers call the echo a  mock implementation。 

      Here�察�I¨ll explain developing the sample application by assembling individual pieces in a  

top´down manner�察�focusing on getting a single echo implemented。 Then once the overall flow  

is plete�察�the individual pieces will be implemented pletely。 Figure 10´2 illustrates  

a plete architecture for the lottery´prediction program�察�including the pipeline for the  

TextProcessor console application。 



Figure 10´2。 Architecture of a reader/writer application using a general assembly 



Reading and Writing to a Stream 



For developing the lottery´prediction application�察�we¨ll use a piece of bootstrap code to initiate  

the reading and writing library�察�which then calls the specific implementation。 Bootstrap code is  

code that does not actually perform the processing�察�but is responsible for setting up and initi

ating another piece of source code that will do the processing。  

      This is the same sort of architecture as we set up in Chapter 8¨s example�察�for the applica

tion to control the lights of a building。 In that case�察�the controller was a generic piece of software  

that called an interface�察�but did not know about the individual implementations。 The focus  

there was on developing the room implementations�察�and the lighting controller was left as a  

nebulous to´do task。 Here�察�we¨ll go through the creation of a plete working application�察 �

including the controller and implementation。 Note this chapter is light on testing routines�察 �

both for brevity and because one of the exercises at the end of the chapter is for you to e up  

with a testing plan。 

     We want to be able to process the following mand line。  



type lotto。txt �� TextProcessor。exe 


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                If TextProcessor。exe cannot read the data from the pipe�察�an exception will be thrown at  

          the console level�察�indicating that the piped data was not read。 



          *Note  For the application to work�察�the lotto。txt and TextProcessor。exe files must be in the same  

          directory。 By default�察�TextProcessor。exe is in the  ��Visual Studio project��bindebug directory。  

          Copy TextProcessor。exe into the lotto。txt directory�察�or vice versa�察�or you could even copy them both  

           into another directory。 



                In the architecture of TextProcessor�察�the bootstrap code is in the ReaderWriter project。  

          The TextProcessor console application must call the bootstrap code and instantiate a local  

          type that has implemented the IProcessor interface。 The Main�┌� method of TextProcessor is  

          implemented as follows ��this is the best time to add a reference to the ReaderWriter project by  

          right´clicking TextProcessor and choosing Add Reference  Projects  ReaderWriter���此�



           Imports ReaderWriter 



           Public Module Module1 

              Sub Main��ByVal args As String�┌��� 

                  Bootstrap。Start��args�察�New LottoTicketProcessor�┌��� 

              End Sub 

           End Module 



                TextProcessor。Main�┌� passes all of the given arguments ��contained in the  args array�� to  

          the actual processing routine ��Bootstrap。Start�┌���。 The  LottoTicketProcessor class imple

          ments the IProcessor interface and will serve for the temporary purpose of echoing data。 The  

           IProcessor interface is defined in the  ReaderWriter project as follows�此�



           Public Interface IProcessor 

              Function Process��ByVal input As String�� As String 

           End Interface 



                The IProcessor interface has a single method  Process�┌��察�which accepts a string to be  

          processed�察�and the return value is the processed string。 

                The implementation of  LottoLibrary。LottoTicketProcessor is as follows ��remember to  

          add a reference to ReaderWriter���此�



           Imports ReaderWriter 



           ' TODO�此�Finish implementing the class 

           Public Class LottoTicketProcessor �此�Implements IProcessor  

              Public Function Process��ByVal input As String�� As String _ 

              Implements IProcessor。Process 

                  Return input 

              End Function 

           End Class 


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     The implementation of the  Process�┌� method takes the input parameter and returns it as  

the answer。 There is no processing at the moment�察�just a redirection of the data。 

     Now let¨s look at implementing the ReaderWriter project。 For this first phase�察�the reader/ 

writer will also be minimal�察�so that we can see that all of the pieces are in place and working。  

The first phase will assume that the data is received on the console and will be sent on the  

console。 Here is the implementation of ReaderWriter。Bootstrap module�此�



Imports System。IO 



    Public Module Bootstrap  

        Public Sub Start��ByVal args�┌� As String�察�ByVal processor As IProcessor��  

            Dim reader As TextReader = Console。In 

            Dim writer As TextWriter = Console。Out 



            writer。Write��processor。Process��reader。ReadToEnd�┌����� 

        End Sub 

    End Module 



     The implementation performs two main steps�此�assign the streams and manipulate the  

streams。 In the puting world�察�streams are wonderful things�察�because they are a generic  

concept like string buffers。 A stream could be a text file�察�console input�察�or even a network  

connection。 A stream can be text´based or binary´based�察�with or without a formatted protocol。  

Thus�察�when processing a stream�察�you don¨t work specifically with the console or a file�察�but use  

interfaces like System。IO。TextReader and  System。IO。TextWriter。 

     Assigning the console streams involves assigning the properties  In and Out to TextReader  

and TextWriter�察�respectively。 The code that calls the processor。Process�┌� method sends a  

stream to the processor and awaits a response that is sent as another stream。 

     Knowing that TextReader and TextWriter are general interfaces�察�or technically abstract  

base classes�察�you could be tempted to redesign the IProcessor interface as follows�此�



Public Interface IProcessor 

    Function Process��ByVal input As TextReader�察�ByVal output As TextWriter�� 

End Interface 



     There is nothing wrong with this declaration of IProcessor�察�but I would not be tempted to  

use it because it relies on the interfaces TextReader and TextWriter。 In the case of our example�察 �

that is acceptable�察�and you might find that it is good enough for your application。 But I like to  

keep things general and then be more specific when necessary。 Later in this chapter�察�when we  

work with binary data streams�察�we will need to be specific and will use an interface declaration  

similar to the one shown here。  



*Note  As a general rule of thumb�察�it is always easy to write specific code because you have easy access  

to the methods and properties you need。 It is harder from a design perspective to keep things general。 The  

advantage of keeping things general is your code is more flexible and can be used in multiple contexts。  

However�察�you shouldn¨t make it a hard rule that all code will be general。 The rule of thumb is to try to stay as  

general as possible using interfaces and have the implementation define the specifics。 


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                  Having implemented all of the pieces�察�you could pile the source code and run the  

            mand to read piped data。 The only thing missing is the file that contains the data�察 �

            lotto。txt。 For the example�察�create a file called lotto。txt and add text such as the following�察 �

            where each line represents the date of the lottery draw�察�then the six lottery numbers�察�and then  

            the bonus number ��you could also use the lotto。txt file included with this book¨s download

            able code��。 



            1970。01。10 7 8 12 17 32 40 24 

            1970。01。17 7 12 22 24 29 40 36 

            1970。01。24 16 22 25 27 30 35 24 

            1970。01。31 3 11 21 22 24 39 8 

            1970。02。07 2 5 11 16 18 38 37 



                  Now run the following piping mand ��open a mand prompt and navigate to  

            TextProcessorTextProcessorbinRelease from the Visual Basic Express base directory���此�



            type lotto。txt �� TextProcessor。exe 



                 You should see the contents of  lotto。txt。 If that is what you get�察�you have a successful  

            round´trip and have created all of the puzzle pieces。 



                                       REMEMBERING TO IMPLEMENT ALL THE PIECES 



               Some readers may argue that having an echo implemented in  LottoTicketProcessor is the wrong  

               approach because there might be a munication failure among team members�察�leading to buggy code。  

               Also�察�you might miss implementing some code�察�creating bugs when there should not have been any。 Although  

               those risks are involved�察�this approach has important benefits�察�and there are ways to mitigate the risks。 

                     One of the challenges for Visual Basic developers is knowing not only the language�察�but also the  API。  

               This book will not talk about the API because you could die of old age before you read everything there is to  

               know about the  API。 

                    The  API is vast�察�but you will not need to use all of the API all the time。 What you need to be aware  

               of are the general classes of the API。 What part of the API is used to read and write streams�拭�What part of the  

               API is used to create GUI elements�拭�This means you are not ever going to be an expert on all parts of the API�察 �

               although you might be an expert Visual Basic programmer and understand the general concepts。  

                    When I understand a domain quite well�察�I develop using a bottom´up approach。 This works because I  

               know which interface and implementation need to talk to which other interface and implementation。 When I  

               don¨t understand a domain fully�察�I develop using a top´down approach。 Using a top´down approach�察�I can figure  

               out what the pieces are in a simplified manner。 I create my echo program�察�which gives a plete round´trip  

               without getting bogged down in the details of the API。  

                    Think of a bunch of guys putting together a barbecue grill。 They might look at the instructions�察�but more  

               likely�察�they will look at the parts and try to mentally fit the pieces together。 They might even put a couple of  

               pieces together to get an idea of what each piece does and how the overall grill should appear。 Once they  

               bee confident of their prototype�察�they build the real thing�察�which hopefully resembles a barbecue grill。 

                    When you use this approach�察�what you are doing is building a mockup�察�proof of concept�察�or prototype。  

               Maybe two or three team members might help develop this prototype�察�but the fact that your code needs to be  

               declared as a prototype is extremely important。 


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        Visual Basic Express and the Visual Studio products help you in that they allow you to embed task markers。 Go  

   back to the source code example where LottoTicketProcessor was illustrated and look at the ment�此�



       ' TODO�此�Finish implementing the class 



        Notice TODO is in all capital letters。 That type of ment is special。 It is called a  task and is tracked by  

   Visual Basic Express in the Task List window。 To open ments in the Task List window�察�select View  Other  

   Windows  Task List�察�and then select ments from the drop´down list at the top of the window。 

        This allows a team of developers to add markers throughout the entire code base�察�indicating what is done  

   and not done。 That way�察�you will not forget to do certain tasks。  

        Some other identifiers that you can use are HACK to identify some code that is not correct�察�but hacked in so  

   that it works�察�and UNDONE。 If you happen to be using a Visual Studio edition other than Express�察�you can define  

 
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