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VB2008貫秘壇欺娼宥(PDF鯉塀哂猟井)-及49何蛍
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pieces in place�察�and when called will seem like it functions。 The echo part es in when the
end piece of functionality is called and it returns the data that was sent to it。 In essence�察�the end
piece is acting like an echo。 The cleverness behind the echo is that it requires no implementa
tion�察�yet it demonstrates the plete flow of data and whether that data flow is workable。
The echo program is not a final program。 The echo program is a temporary solution for an
intermediate goal。 When building an application with intermediate goals�察�you are using an
iterative development technique。 The iterations are not visible to your other team members
and are pletely private。 However�察�the iterations will keep you focused on solving a problem�察 �
rather than trying to implement a large piece of code that you will not be able to fully test for
a while。
Test´driven development�察�for the most part�察�is a bottom´up development approach。 You
develop a core piece of functionality�察�test it�察�and then write code that uses the tested piece of
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CH A PT E R 1 0 * L E A R N I N G A B O U T P E R S IS T E N CE 253
functionality。 But sometimes you need to develop in a top´down fashion。 I typically develop
code top´down when I am trying to nail down an overall architecture。 The problem with devel
oping top´down is that you don¨t yet have the bottom code。 In other words�察�you are writing
code with no working code。 So that your code does have some meaning�察�you develop an echo。
The echo solves the problem of working code and allows you to focus on getting the individual
pieces to fit together。 Once the pieces are working�察�and the echo was successful�察�you can start
filling in the implementations。 Some developers call the echo a mock implementation。
Here�察�I¨ll explain developing the sample application by assembling individual pieces in a
top´down manner�察�focusing on getting a single echo implemented。 Then once the overall flow
is plete�察�the individual pieces will be implemented pletely。 Figure 10´2 illustrates
a plete architecture for the lottery´prediction program�察�including the pipeline for the
TextProcessor console application。
Figure 10´2。 Architecture of a reader/writer application using a general assembly
Reading and Writing to a Stream
For developing the lottery´prediction application�察�we¨ll use a piece of bootstrap code to initiate
the reading and writing library�察�which then calls the specific implementation。 Bootstrap code is
code that does not actually perform the processing�察�but is responsible for setting up and initi
ating another piece of source code that will do the processing。
This is the same sort of architecture as we set up in Chapter 8¨s example�察�for the applica
tion to control the lights of a building。 In that case�察�the controller was a generic piece of software
that called an interface�察�but did not know about the individual implementations。 The focus
there was on developing the room implementations�察�and the lighting controller was left as a
nebulous to´do task。 Here�察�we¨ll go through the creation of a plete working application�察 �
including the controller and implementation。 Note this chapter is light on testing routines�察 �
both for brevity and because one of the exercises at the end of the chapter is for you to e up
with a testing plan。
We want to be able to process the following mand line。
type lotto。txt �� TextProcessor。exe
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254 CH AP T E R 1 0 * L E A R N I N G A B OU T P E R S IS TE N CE
If TextProcessor。exe cannot read the data from the pipe�察�an exception will be thrown at
the console level�察�indicating that the piped data was not read。
*Note For the application to work�察�the lotto。txt and TextProcessor。exe files must be in the same
directory。 By default�察�TextProcessor。exe is in the ��Visual Studio project��bindebug directory。
Copy TextProcessor。exe into the lotto。txt directory�察�or vice versa�察�or you could even copy them both
into another directory。
In the architecture of TextProcessor�察�the bootstrap code is in the ReaderWriter project。
The TextProcessor console application must call the bootstrap code and instantiate a local
type that has implemented the IProcessor interface。 The Main�┌� method of TextProcessor is
implemented as follows ��this is the best time to add a reference to the ReaderWriter project by
right´clicking TextProcessor and choosing Add Reference Projects ReaderWriter���此�
Imports ReaderWriter
Public Module Module1
Sub Main��ByVal args As String�┌���
Bootstrap。Start��args�察�New LottoTicketProcessor�┌���
End Sub
End Module
TextProcessor。Main�┌� passes all of the given arguments ��contained in the args array�� to
the actual processing routine ��Bootstrap。Start�┌���。 The LottoTicketProcessor class imple
ments the IProcessor interface and will serve for the temporary purpose of echoing data。 The
IProcessor interface is defined in the ReaderWriter project as follows�此�
Public Interface IProcessor
Function Process��ByVal input As String�� As String
End Interface
The IProcessor interface has a single method Process�┌��察�which accepts a string to be
processed�察�and the return value is the processed string。
The implementation of LottoLibrary。LottoTicketProcessor is as follows ��remember to
add a reference to ReaderWriter���此�
Imports ReaderWriter
' TODO�此�Finish implementing the class
Public Class LottoTicketProcessor �此�Implements IProcessor
Public Function Process��ByVal input As String�� As String _
Implements IProcessor。Process
Return input
End Function
End Class
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CH A PT E R 1 0 * L E A R N I N G A B O U T P E R S IS T E N CE 255
The implementation of the Process�┌� method takes the input parameter and returns it as
the answer。 There is no processing at the moment�察�just a redirection of the data。
Now let¨s look at implementing the ReaderWriter project。 For this first phase�察�the reader/
writer will also be minimal�察�so that we can see that all of the pieces are in place and working。
The first phase will assume that the data is received on the console and will be sent on the
console。 Here is the implementation of ReaderWriter。Bootstrap module�此�
Imports System。IO
Public Module Bootstrap
Public Sub Start��ByVal args�┌� As String�察�ByVal processor As IProcessor��
Dim reader As TextReader = Console。In
Dim writer As TextWriter = Console。Out
writer。Write��processor。Process��reader。ReadToEnd�┌�����
End Sub
End Module
The implementation performs two main steps�此�assign the streams and manipulate the
streams。 In the puting world�察�streams are wonderful things�察�because they are a generic
concept like string buffers。 A stream could be a text file�察�console input�察�or even a network
connection。 A stream can be text´based or binary´based�察�with or without a formatted protocol。
Thus�察�when processing a stream�察�you don¨t work specifically with the console or a file�察�but use
interfaces like System。IO。TextReader and System。IO。TextWriter。
Assigning the console streams involves assigning the properties In and Out to TextReader
and TextWriter�察�respectively。 The code that calls the processor。Process�┌� method sends a
stream to the processor and awaits a response that is sent as another stream。
Knowing that TextReader and TextWriter are general interfaces�察�or technically abstract
base classes�察�you could be tempted to redesign the IProcessor interface as follows�此�
Public Interface IProcessor
Function Process��ByVal input As TextReader�察�ByVal output As TextWriter��
End Interface
There is nothing wrong with this declaration of IProcessor�察�but I would not be tempted to
use it because it relies on the interfaces TextReader and TextWriter。 In the case of our example�察 �
that is acceptable�察�and you might find that it is good enough for your application。 But I like to
keep things general and then be more specific when necessary。 Later in this chapter�察�when we
work with binary data streams�察�we will need to be specific and will use an interface declaration
similar to the one shown here。
*Note As a general rule of thumb�察�it is always easy to write specific code because you have easy access
to the methods and properties you need。 It is harder from a design perspective to keep things general。 The
advantage of keeping things general is your code is more flexible and can be used in multiple contexts。
However�察�you shouldn¨t make it a hard rule that all code will be general。 The rule of thumb is to try to stay as
general as possible using interfaces and have the implementation define the specifics。
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256 CH AP T E R 1 0 * L E A R N I N G A B OU T P E R S IS TE N CE
Having implemented all of the pieces�察�you could pile the source code and run the
mand to read piped data。 The only thing missing is the file that contains the data�察 �
lotto。txt。 For the example�察�create a file called lotto。txt and add text such as the following�察 �
where each line represents the date of the lottery draw�察�then the six lottery numbers�察�and then
the bonus number ��you could also use the lotto。txt file included with this book¨s download
able code��。
1970。01。10 7 8 12 17 32 40 24
1970。01。17 7 12 22 24 29 40 36
1970。01。24 16 22 25 27 30 35 24
1970。01。31 3 11 21 22 24 39 8
1970。02。07 2 5 11 16 18 38 37
Now run the following piping mand ��open a mand prompt and navigate to
TextProcessorTextProcessorbinRelease from the Visual Basic Express base directory���此�
type lotto。txt �� TextProcessor。exe
You should see the contents of lotto。txt。 If that is what you get�察�you have a successful
round´trip and have created all of the puzzle pieces。
REMEMBERING TO IMPLEMENT ALL THE PIECES
Some readers may argue that having an echo implemented in LottoTicketProcessor is the wrong
approach because there might be a munication failure among team members�察�leading to buggy code。
Also�察�you might miss implementing some code�察�creating bugs when there should not have been any。 Although
those risks are involved�察�this approach has important benefits�察�and there are ways to mitigate the risks。
One of the challenges for Visual Basic developers is knowing not only the language�察�but also the API。
This book will not talk about the API because you could die of old age before you read everything there is to
know about the API。
The API is vast�察�but you will not need to use all of the API all the time。 What you need to be aware
of are the general classes of the API。 What part of the API is used to read and write streams�拭�What part of the
API is used to create GUI elements�拭�This means you are not ever going to be an expert on all parts of the API�察 �
although you might be an expert Visual Basic programmer and understand the general concepts。
When I understand a domain quite well�察�I develop using a bottom´up approach。 This works because I
know which interface and implementation need to talk to which other interface and implementation。 When I
don¨t understand a domain fully�察�I develop using a top´down approach。 Using a top´down approach�察�I can figure
out what the pieces are in a simplified manner。 I create my echo program�察�which gives a plete round´trip
without getting bogged down in the details of the API。
Think of a bunch of guys putting together a barbecue grill。 They might look at the instructions�察�but more
likely�察�they will look at the parts and try to mentally fit the pieces together。 They might even put a couple of
pieces together to get an idea of what each piece does and how the overall grill should appear。 Once they
bee confident of their prototype�察�they build the real thing�察�which hopefully resembles a barbecue grill。
When you use this approach�察�what you are doing is building a mockup�察�proof of concept�察�or prototype。
Maybe two or three team members might help develop this prototype�察�but the fact that your code needs to be
declared as a prototype is extremely important。
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CH A PT E R 1 0 * L E A R N I N G A B O U T P E R S IS T E N CE 257
Visual Basic Express and the Visual Studio products help you in that they allow you to embed task markers。 Go
back to the source code example where LottoTicketProcessor was illustrated and look at the ment�此�
' TODO�此�Finish implementing the class
Notice TODO is in all capital letters。 That type of ment is special。 It is called a task and is tracked by
Visual Basic Express in the Task List window。 To open ments in the Task List window�察�select View Other
Windows Task List�察�and then select ments from the drop´down list at the top of the window。
This allows a team of developers to add markers throughout the entire code base�察�indicating what is done
and not done。 That way�察�you will not forget to do certain tasks。
Some other identifiers that you can use are HACK to identify some code that is not correct�察�but hacked in so
that it works�察�and UNDONE。 If you happen to be using a Visual Studio edition other than Express�察�you can define
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