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define  

   your own ment identifiers。 For more information�察�see the MSDN article ^Visual Studio How to�此�Create Custom  

   ment Tokens ̄ ��http��//msdn2。microsoft。/en´US/library/ekwz6akh��VS。80��。aspx��。 



Implementing Stream Reading and Writing 



Finishing the stream reading and writing means looking at the possible arguments that can be  

given�察�and then implementing the code to process the arguments。 Here is the plete source  

code for ReaderWriter。Bootstrap�此�



#Const DEBUG_OUTPUT = True 

Imports System。IO 



Public Module Bootstrap 

    Public Sub DisplayHelp�┌� 

        Console。WriteLine�─�You need help�拭�Right now�拭┌� 

    End Sub 



    Public Sub Start��ByVal args As String�┌��察�ByVal processor As IProcessor�� 

        #If DEBUG_OUTPUT Then 

            Console。WriteLine�─�Argument count�──�& args。Length & ;��;�� 

            For Each argument As String In args 

                Console。WriteLine�─�Argument �──�& argument & ;��;�� 

            Next 

        #End If 



        Dim reader As TextReader = Nothing 

        Dim writer As TextWriter = Nothing 

        If args。Length = 0 Then 

            reader = Console。In 

            writer = Console。Out 

        ElseIf args。Length = 1 Then 

            If args��0�� = ;´help; Then 

                Bootstrap。DisplayHelp�┌� 

                Return 

            End If 


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                      reader = File。OpenText��args��0���� 

                      writer = Console。Out 

                  ElseIf args。Length = 2 Then 

                      If args��0��  ;´out; Then 

                          Bootstrap。DisplayHelp�┌� 

                          Return 

                      End If 

                      reader = Console。In 

                      writer = File。CreateText��args��1���� 

                  ElseIf args。Length = 3 Then 

                      If args��0��  ;´out; Then 

                          Bootstrap。DisplayHelp�┌� 

                          Return 

                      End If 

                      reader = File。OpenText��args��2���� 

                      writer = File。CreateText��args��1���� 

                  Else 

                      Bootstrap。DisplayHelp�┌� 

                      Return 

                  End If 

                  writer。Write��processor。Process��reader。ReadToEnd���� 



              End Sub 

           End Module 



                In the code�察�before the first If block�察�the variables reader and writer are assigned to the  

          value  Nothing�察�indicating that there is a reader and there is writer�察�but we don¨t know whether  

          they will reference streams or files。 Then the If blocks go through the different binations  

          and variations of the mand´line arguments ��see Table 10´1��。  

                The code follows a truth table approach�察�which could be considered following a set of  

          conditions and then acting on the conditions。 For example�察�a state could be defined as If A = X�察 �

          and B ��= Y then do C。 To process the mand´line arguments�察�we define all of the possible  

          states and then all of the possible resulting actions。  



          *Note  By going through each and every variation of the mand´line arguments in a sequential manner�察 �

          I am ensuring that I am testing for each situation。 When running various tests and then acting on the tests�察 �

          you need to be explicit and redundant�察�because the code is easier to follow。 All too often�察�programmers take  

          shortcuts and miss a particular test�察�causing a bug that is extremely hard to track down。  



                The first If block tests if the argument count is zero�察�then the second tests if there is a  

          single argument�察�and so on。 Let¨s look at the first test�此�


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            If args。Length = 0 Then 

                reader = Console。In 

                writer = Console。Out 

                。。。 

            End If 



     Here�察�the source and destination of the lottery number data stream are the console input  

and output streams。 The code assigns the reader and writer variables。 

     If the mand line had no arguments or if one of the mand´line argument tests has  

been verified�察�the IProcessor implementation is called�此�



            writer。Write��processor。Process��reader。ReadToEnd�┌����� 



     The code directly executes writer。Write�┌��察�processor。Process�┌��察�and  

reader。ReadToEnd�┌�。 There is no verification of whether writer�察�processor�察�or reader point to  

actual object instances。 There could be a case for adding code that verifies if processor references  

an actual object instance�察�but there is absolutely no point to adding code to verify if writer and  

reader reference actual object instances。 Doing so would imply that your truth test block is  

inplete and you have not thought through all the permutations that assign writer and reader。  

     Let¨s look at the next truth test�察�which indicates that there is one mand´line argument。  

When there is one mand´line argument�察�you need to verify which of the two mand

line variations it is�此�



TestProcessor。exe ´help 



or�此�



TextProcessor。exe lotto。txt 



     The first variation has an explicit mand´line parameter ´help。 The second variation is  

the identifier of a file that contains the input data。 Thus�察�the second If block contains another  

If block to test another aspect of the truth test�此�



        ElseIf args。Length = 1 Then 

            If args��0�� = ;´help; Then 

                Bootstrap。DisplayHelp�┌� 

                Return 

            End If 

            reader = File。OpenText��args��0���� 

            writer = Console。Out 



     When testing for the  ´help argument�察�immediately after calling DisplayHelp�┌��察�you must  

use the Return keyword。 This is extremely important because�察�when the console application  

calls DisplayHelp�┌��察�it is saying�察 �I don¨t care where the input or output data is ing from  

since I am doing something else and thus must stop processing。 ̄ If you were to continue  

processing�察�the writer and reader could reference invalid states and cause an exception to  

be generated。 

     If all tests have been tried and failed�察�then the final Else calls the method DisplayHelp�┌� to  

indicate that the mand line is incorrect�察�and the help shows the correct mand line。 

     Doing a plete test and debug of the console application is difficult because of the  

streaming facilities。 When you stream data from one process to another�察�a process is started  


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           and stopped without an easy way for the debugger to jump in between。 Thus�察�to be able to  

           debug and verify if everything works�察�another strategy is needed。 The solution is to use prepro

           cessor directives ��discussed in Chapter 6���察�like the following。 



           #If DEBUG_OUTPUT Then 

               Console。WriteLine�─�Argument count�──�& args。Length & ;��;�� 

               For Each argument as String in args 

                   Console。WriteLine�─�Argument �──�& argument & ;��;�� 

               Next 

           #End If 



                The directive code is executed if DEBUG_OUTPUT is defined。 In the example�察�the argument  

           count and arguments are output to the console。 To activate the directive�察�the item DEBUG_OUTPUT  

           is defined at the project level or near the top of the source code file。 

                The shell is plete�察�and all that remains is the implementation of the text processor。  



           Implementing the TextProcessor Application 



           In implementing the text processor�察�the problem that confronts us is how to fix a data stream so  

           that it is consistent。 The main reasons for data inconsistencies are human error and carelessness。 

                Figure 10´3 shows what is displayed when you load the lottery number text file in Notepad。  

           It seems very obvious that something is not right with this file。 



           Figure 10´3。  The lottery text file loaded in Notepad 


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      However�察�what appears wrong in the Notepad display is not the real problem。 When the  

text file is loaded using another text editor�察�such as Vim�察�the text is displayed as shown in  

Figure 10´4。 As you can see�察�Vim has loaded the text file without any formatting errors。 



*Note  Vim is available from  http��//vim。org。 It is a vi´derived clone that can be used on  

Windows systems。 



Figure 10´4。  Vim loads the text file in a nicely formatted display。 



      The real pressing problem lies in the structure of the data�察�which is illustrated in Figure 10´5。  

Here�察�the data has new formatting�察�with extra columns�察�and the first column is not always in  

the proper data format。 And to make matters worse�察�the badly formatted data has repeating  

information。 

      The challenge of the application is to read the stream and fix all of the problems。 This requires  

a thorough understanding of string processing and the different ways that text can be stored�察 �

as discussed in Chapter 3。 When you are processing data streams�察�you need to be aware of the  

format of the data stream。 In this example�察�we are processing ASCII text�察�and thus will be manipu

lating bits according to the rules of the ASCII lookup table。 

      Whitespace characters are special characters in the text lookup table。 They are associated  

with numbers�察�but their representation is in the form of an action that the user can see。 For  

example�察�the character between single quotation marks ��' '�� is a space�察�the character t is a tab�察 �

and the character n is a newline。 The reason Notepad does not format the lottery text file nicely  

��Figure 10´3�� is because of the whitespace characters used to indicate a newline。 In Figure 10´6�察�the  

highlighted buffer entry 0A is the hexadecimal character that indicates a linefeed�察�or newline�察�in  

the lottery text file。 


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            Figure 10´5。 Structural problems of this data stream 



            Figure 10´6。 Newline character used in lotto。txt 



                  Figure 10´7 is a file created by Notepad。 Notepad expects not a single whitespace character�察 �

            but two whitespace characters to indicate a newline�此�0D and 0A。 


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Figure 10´7。 Newline characters used by Notepad 



Deciphering the Format 



The echo has served its purpose of providing a way to develop an application in a top´down  

manner。 The next step is to remove the echo code and start writing the code that will fix the  

data stream。 

     Fixing the data stream is not a trivial undertaking�察�because you are yet again faced with a  

state problem。 You don¨t want to fix one part of the stream�察�only to end up with a problem in  

another part of the stream。 Thus�察�you need to incrementally fix the stream and make sure at  

each step that there are no ramifications。  

     The first step is to break the data stream into individual fields ��each value in a column is a  

field in this case��。 In Figure 10´5�察�the data stream had two parts�察�where the upper part seemed  

to have a single space between the numbers and the lower part had the amount of space neces

sary to align the numbers。 The difference between the upper and lower parts is the whitespace  

characters used。 So�察�the first step will be to clean up the whitespace。 

     The following is the code that reads the buffer�察�splits it up�察�and reassembles the content  

into a new buffer。 The code is intermediate code that adds special bracket markers to indicate  

what the text contains。 



Imports System。IO 

Imports System。Text 



 ' TODO�此�Fix up this class 

Public Class LottoTicketProcessor �此�Implements IProcessor 

    Public Function Process��ByVal input As String�� As String 

    Implements IProcessor。Process 

        Dim reader As TextReader = New StringReader��input�� 

        Dim retval As New StringBuilder�┌� 


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                   Do While reader。Peek�┌�  ´1 

                       Dim splitUpText As String�┌� = _ 

                         reader。ReadLine。Split��New Char�┌� ��; ;c�察�ControlChars。Tab���� 

                       Dim c1 As Integer 

                       For c1 = 0 To splitUpText。Length 1 

                           retval。Append�┌─┌──�& splitUpText��c1�� & ;��;���� 

                       Next 

                       retval。Append��ControlChars。NewLine�� 

                   Loop 

                   Return retval。ToString�┌� 

               End Function 

           End Class 



                In the implementation of Process�┌��察�the text will be parsed line by line。 Then each line  

           is split into the individual fields。 You could write the parsing routines yourself�察�but to parse a  

           buffer line by line�察�it is more efficient to use StringReader。 StringReader accepts the string to  

           parse and is then assigned to a TextReader interface instance。 

                As each line of text is parsed�察�the most efficient approach to building a buffer is to use  

           StringBuilder。 You could keep appending data to the string�察�but if you do that too often the  

           application¨s performance will suffer。  

                The String type is an immutable type�察�which means once an object is initialized�察�you  

           cannot change the state of the object。 The advantage of immutable types is that they increase  

           the speed of your application�察�because code can assume once an object has been assigned�察�it  

           will never change。 The downside is that once an object is assigned�察�to modify the object state  

           even slightly�察�you must instantiate a new object�察�which would be the case if we used the = and  

           \ operators。 The  StringBuilder type is
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